The future is already here — it’s just not very evenly distributed. -- William Gibson (born March 17, 1948), American-Canadian speculative fiction novelist
In my peripatetic wanderings across the Net I stumbled, as I so often do, on a very interesting item. It is a series of sample chapters on petroleum engineering. For the full text, you will have to shell out some money, but you can get a taste of the content for free. Here’s how …
Google® search string:
unesco eolss petroleum engineering
Here is an extract from one of the sample chapters …
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Petroleum Engineering - Downstream (2012)
Future Technology in Heavy Oil Processing
Jorge Ancheyta, Mohan S. Rana
Instituto Mexicano del Petroleo, Mexico City, Mexico
Summary
The change in crude oil quality around the world has impacted petroleum refining industry in such a way that current and new refineries are being re-configured and designed respectively to process heavier feedstocks, i.e. blends of various crude oils with elevated amount of heavy petroleum. This is of course due to the reduction of light crude oil and increase of heavy or extra heavy crude oils production. These new feeds are characterized by high amount so impurities (sulfur, metals, nitrogen, asphaltenes) and low distillate yields, which make them more difficult to process compared with light crude oils. Contrarily, the demand of light distillates for producing the so-called clean fuels (e.g. ultra-low sulfur diesel and gasoline) is increasing throughout the world. These circumstances situate not only refineries but also research center, catalyst manufacturers and process developers in a great dilemma, which need to adapt and design future technologies for properly conversion and upgrading of heavy oils. There are various commercially available technologies to upgrade heavy petroleum, which can be classified in carbon rejection and hydrogen addition processes. Their main characteristics, advantages and disadvantages as well as some other emerging technologies are reviewed in this chapter. Special attention has been put for their application for upgrading of heavy petroleum.
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