Blockchain and Industry 4.0

 “Blockchain is the tech. Bitcoin is merely the first mainstream manifestation of its potential.”—Marc Kenigsberg, founder of Bitcoin Chaser (Thanks to https://bernardmarr.com/23-fascinating-bitcoin-and-blockchain-quotes-everyone-should-read/ )

As a librarian with 40 years of experience in researching technical topics, I confess that I am not an expert on BLOCKCHAIN. However, I am an expert on searching for expert information on any topic, including BLOCKCHAIN.  Which is the whole point of this blog, i.e., helping you refine your online search strategies, no matter what specific technology you are researching.

In the popular imagination, Blockchain is associated with cryptocurrencies. But as Kenigsberg suggests, Blockchain technology has the potential to transform entire industries, beyond Bitcoin.

So here is a taste of what you will find online when you research Blockchain and Industry 4.0.

STEP ONE … what is Blockchain, anyway?

HINT: There are BLOCKS on a CHAIN.

TIP: Google: Blockchain for dummies
One result that made sense to me …
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Blockchain Explained: What is blockchain? | Euromoney Learning
Blockchain is a system of recording information in a way that makes it difficult or impossible to change, hack, or cheat the system.
A blockchain is essentially a digital ledger of transactions that is duplicated and distributed across the entire network of computer systems on the blockchain. Each block in the chain contains a number of transactions, and every time a new transaction occurs on the blockchain, a record of that transaction is added to every participant’s ledger. The decentralised database managed by multiple participants is known as Distributed Ledger Technology (DLT).
Blockchain is a type of DLT in which transactions are recorded with an immutable cryptographic signature called a hash.
This means if one block in one chain was changed, it would be immediately apparent it had been tampered with. If hackers wanted to corrupt a blockchain system, they would have to change every block in the chain, across all of the distributed versions of the chain.
source: https://www.euromoney.com/learning/blockchain-explained/what-is-blockchain
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STEP TWO: What does Blockchain have to do with Industry 4.0?

Well, again, what the heck is Industry 4.0?

TIP: Google: what is blockchain industry 4.0

I found the following quote helpful …

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Blockchain technology applications for Industry 4.0: A literature-based review
Industry 4.0 involves innovations with upcoming digital technologies, and blockchain is one of them. Blockchain can be incorporated to improve security, privacy, and data transparency both for small and large enterprises. Industry 4.0 is a synthesis of the new production methods that allow manufacturers to achieve their target more rapidly.
source: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bcra.2021.100027
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STEP THREE: Get specific … how does Blockchain help Industry 4.0?

Here is a description of how Blockchain can be applied to industrial control systems to enhance the ability to withstand cybersecurity attacks …

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Blockchain and Smart Contracts Towards Decentralized Applications in Industry 4.0
Description

Current industrial control systems in the Industry 4.0 era usually suffer from a variety of security issues, and important manufacturing data and instructions are vulnerable to attacks or tampering, for instance, tampering with product performance data during quality inspection. These counterfeit products are then used in many fields, causing unprecedented severe security problems. Another typical event is attacks on companies using viruses, which spread to other equipment and can eventually lead to the shutdown of production lines across factories. These events expose the fragility and weak information security of industrial control systems in the Industry 4.0 era. Current industrial control/management usually relies on a centralized platform, which suffers from inadequate interoperability between heterogeneous equipment, weak collaboration among operations, inadequate traceability of information, and weak robustness against system failures. Implementing tamper-proof security of product lifecycle data and industrial control systems in the Industry 4.0 era is a crucial problem and an essential way to improve transparency and brand credibility.

Blockchain is known as a new generation of secure information technology for realizing business and industrial sustainability. Much research on blockchain-empowered, smart, and sustainable manufacturing in the Industry 4.0 era has been conducted from technical, commercial, organizational, and operational perspectives. However, the progression and promotion of these blockchain applications have been fundamentally impeded by various issues in scalability, flexibility, and cybersecurity. Blockchain-empowered transformation of the manufacturing paradigm is still in its early stages. Many manufacturers have not progressed their blockchain solutions beyond proof-of-concept. Deploying blockchain-based intelligent applications is still difficult for manufacturers. Moving into a new technology space has always been a dilemma for conservative spaces. Challenges in the areas of techniques, social barriers, standards, and regulations impede progress, for example, the development of computationally efficient algorithms for real-time responses, the security of blockchain, and how to build a digital twin of the physical asset in blockchain-based service networks (BSN). Privacy protection issues in blockchain applications are also major concerns for users. There is an urgent need for breakthroughs and innovations in methods, technologies, and platforms for blockchain, smart contracts, and decentralized applications.

This Special Issue aims to collect state-of-the-art blockchain theories, models, methods, intelligent applications, and practical advances for achieving smart and sustainable manufacturing in the Industry 4.0 era, enhanced by advanced cryptographic mechanisms, networking protocols, machine learning techniques, and data analytics.

Potential topics include but are not limited to the following:

    Secure multi-party computing in large-scale blockchain applications
    Robust and highly efficient consensus algorithms
    Formal verification and debugging of smart contracts
    Middleware interfaces for multi-blockchains
    Digital twins of physical assets in the blockchain
    Big data analytics in blockchain applications
    Machine learning algorithms in blockchain applications
    Security models of blockchain
    Decentralized autonomous manufacturing
    Blockchain-secured digital twins
    Smart contract-enabled distributed digital twins
    Blockchain-based smart manufacturing systems
    Blockchain-based product lifecycle management
    Blockchain in Industry 4.0
    Blockchain as a service
source: https://www.hindawi.com/journals/scn/si/459740/
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Wrapping up this post, let me leave you with two additional TIPS …

TIP: When tasked with researching a technology you are not well versed in, find a source that can define the technology in a way that makes sense to you.

FINAL TIP: Use that source to find key words that can help create search strategies for in depth online research.

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Google® Better!
Jean Steinhardt served as Librarian, Aramco Services, Engineering Division, for 13 years. He now heads Jean Steinhardt Consulting LLC, producing the same high quality research that he performed for Aramco.

Follow Jean’s blog at: http://desulf.blogspot.com/ for continuing tips on effective online research
Email Jean at research@jeansteinhardtconsulting.com with questions on research, training, or anything else
Visit Jean’s Web site at http://www.jeansteinhardtconsulting.com/ to see examples of the services we can provide

How to decarbonize the chemical industry

A recent Topsoe blog post (aka press release) features an interview with Louise Bjerregaard Nielsen, Topsoe’s Head of Sustainability, on the question of what it takes for an energy intensive chemical company to get to zero. The interview does not offer a great deal in the way of technical detail. But even so, it is worth the minute of your time that it will take you to read it. Here is one tidbit that struck me …

“What’s interesting about Chemicals is that we work both as an enabler for the decarbonization of hard to abate sectors – while being a hard-to-abate sector ourselves.”

Nielsen acknowledges the fundamental dilemma faced by the chemicals industry. The industry can provide tools for decarbonization, but the creation of these same tools requires problematic carbon producing processes. I appreciate her candor. It is a conundrum. And I hope Topsoe can resolve it.

Here is the text of the blog post …

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September 26, 2022
How to decarbonize the chemical industry
By Louise Bjerregård Nielsen
With an ambitious commitment to go net zero by 2040, Topsoe is ready to take the lead in chemicals' intricate route toward green. But what does it take for an energy intensive chemical company to get to zero? We’ve asked Louise Bjerregaard Nielsen, Topsoe’s Head of Sustainability, to give us the insights.

So, Louise, is there a silver bullet?

“The short answer to that is no. At Topsoe, we understand the challenges, and we have a clear vision of what we want to achieve, but we don’t know the details of our route to get there – at least, not yet. What’s interesting about Chemicals is that we work both as an enabler for the decarbonization of hard to abate sectors – while being a hard-to-abate sector ourselves. Chemicals play such a pivotal role in our society and industrial infrastructure – today and in the future - that we can’t just scale down. We need to transform.”

Many industries today have a good understanding of their role in reaching Net-Zero by 2050 as set out in the Paris agreement. Are Chemicals any different?

“No – the industry understands its role and responsibility. But the complexity is enormous, and if we look at the Science Based Targets initiative for example – there are no sector guidelines for chemicals. It is simply too difficult. It’s also no secret that the journey to net-zero for Chemicals will come with a significant cost and effort. But that is not holding Topsoe back. We have a vision to become a global leader in decarbonization – that doesn’t just apply for the zero carbon and low carbon solutions we provide our customers; it also applies for ourselves.”

So how do you go about this at Topsoe?

“Well, we are turning a lot of stones to evaluate which actions are feasible and can create most value for money. But there are some main pathways. We are first and foremost looking at how we can optimize our production processes to eliminate the emissions from our chemical processes.

Secondly, we are looking at investing in renewable energy, just like a lot of other companies – so renewable energy build-out is quite urgent across the board in terms of decarbonizing hard-to-abate sectors.

When it comes to our electricity consumption, we have set ourselves a target to transition to 80% renewable electricity by 2025. It is harder for us to reduce the emissions associated with fuel combustion, i.e., the natural gas that we consume. Electrification is not always the answer for companies like ours that require heat above 1,000 degrees Celsius in our processes.”

Topsoe just announced its commitment to going Net-Zero in 2040. That includes Topsoe’s value chain. How will you reach that target?

“One thing is for sure - we can’t do this without partnerships. We rely on our suppliers and customers to take some of the same initiative as us, and together we will learn and develop as an industry.

We can see that it is becoming an important aspect of license to operate for some suppliers, and they are primarily driven by the benefits decarbonization brings in terms of funding and customer requirements. For our customers, the situation is a bit different – they are facing pressure from the public, and they also driven by the opportunities to access green funding, but the regulatory frameworks will be key in pushing their transition to low carbon operations.”

How can the chemical industry enable the decarbonization of other industries?

“From an overall perspective, our industry provides materials used for production of green hydrogen, manufacturing of solar panels and wind turbines – but also a ton of products our welfare society depend on. So, chemicals are a key enabler in finding sustainable solutions beneficial to society.

At Topsoe, we can make a significant difference across the full energy value chain with our offering of technologies needed to transform renewable electricity, biomass, and waste into green hydrogen, green ammonia, eMethanol, eFuels and bio-based fuels that will power a sustainable future. And we are well underway with helping customers globally with revamping their oil refineries to produce bio-based diesel and SAF, building plants for low carbon hydrogen production, and once our SOEC electrolyzer manufacturing plant is up and running, we’ll also be able to deliver electrolysis to produce green hydrogen and derivatives. So, the future looks bright.”

source: https://blog.topsoe.com/how-to-decarbonize-the-chemical-industry?utm_medium=email&_hsmi=227257632&_hsenc=p2ANqtz-9hwEHM-SRu7oqAS5fYrWidcAPUI1rxF2AwV2xKSZti8fG0my5OkyQZOTGqS_OolPt1OBy93ufLSwhPwadgsfhkFKnUEA&utm_content=227257632&utm_source=hs_email
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TIP: Google® the Topsoe blog title How to decarbonize the chemical industry
Two results …

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The challenge of decarbonizing the chemicals industry - Worley
 “The first efforts in decarbonizing processes will be applied to existing manufacturing plants, to make the most of that existing capital investment. The ...
source: https://www.worley.com/our-thinking/the-challenge-of-decarbonizing-the-chemicals-industry
source: https://www.worley.com/~/media/Files/W/Worley-V3/documents/our-thinking/decarbonizing-chemical-industry/decarbonizing-the-chemical-industry.pdf

Electrification and Decarbonization of the Chemical Industry
by ZJ Schiffer · 2017 · Cited by 194 — In order to decarbonize the chemical industry, we need to reduce carbon dioxide emissions by closing and moving beyond the current carbon
source: https://reader.elsevier.com/reader/sd/pii/S2542435117300156?token=A2412A6554C64841A7B0BA8FB34BFC909EF270CBB566EC6DD76897E898A0F3BDA72727C71C5CD482EEE5B0C9E9E17477&originRegion=us-east-1&originCreation=20220926190544
source: https://reader.elsevier.com/reader/sd/pii/S2542435117300156?token=0C89845FD8995527BA44C39B138DB8C96125BD1249FEB8C3B5C26D9DB465A0DF6FBCEC561ECA908E3A784EF0BF21CF94&originRegion=us-east-1&originCreation=20221004204515

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Google® Better!
Jean Steinhardt served as Librarian, Aramco Services, Engineering Division, for 13 years. He now heads Jean Steinhardt Consulting LLC, producing the same high quality research that he performed for Aramco.

Follow Jean’s blog at: http://desulf.blogspot.com/ for continuing tips on effective online research
Email Jean at research@jeansteinhardtconsulting.com with questions on research, training, or anything else
Visit Jean’s Web site at http://www.jeansteinhardtconsulting.com/ to see examples of the services we can provide