“Of course, our show is obviously at a disadvantage compared to the many news sources that we're competing with… at a disadvantage in several respects. For one thing, we are fake. They are not. So in terms of credibility we are, well, oddly enough, actually about even.” -- Jon Stewart (American Comedian and Actor, b.1962)
Alerts can be a pain. They can add to the clutter in an overloaded inbox. They can be loaded with ads. They can be short on useful content. Occasionally, however, you find a good one. I like the alert produced by TheFCCNetwork. As its name implies, the alert is highly focused. It is infrequent. And it is devoid of ads.
One value of the alert is that it provides an easy way to keep on top of upcoming conferences that you might want to attend, or to recommend to colleagues.
Here is the full text of an alert I found this morning in my inbox …
///////
To Members Of TheFCCNetwork:
The July 2010 edition of TheFCCNetwork Newsletter has just been posted to the newly redesigned TheFCCNetwork.com website. This edition contains an article on ultrasonic flow meter technology submitted by our newest sponsor, Flexim Americas Corporation. Also featured is an article from Air Products discussing how oxygen enrichment can be used to increase FCC throughput. Please explore the site and feel free to send us your comments.
You may also be interested in upcoming technical seminars related to the FCC process. Registration is now open for two very popular programs from Refining Process Services: The Fluid Catalytic Cracking Process Technology seminar to be held on October 18, 19 and 20, 2010 and the FCC Unit Troubleshooting seminar to be presented on October 21 and 22, 2010. The complete list of Refining Process Services seminars scheduled for October and November of 2010 is shown below. All of the programs will be presented at the Crowne Plaza Houston North Greenspoint Hotel in Houston, Texas. You can view and download each individual seminar description from the Refining Process Services website at www.petroleumrefining.com. Once on the site, click on "Seminar Registration" and scroll down to the program of interest then click on “Seminar Brochure.”
Fluid Catalytic Cracking Process Technology - October 18, 19, 20
Crude Oil Desalting - October - 18, 19
Refinery Troubleshooting - October 18, 19
Crude Oil Distillation - October 20, 21, 22
FCC Unit Troubleshooting - October 21, 22
Delayed Coking Process Technology – October 26, 27, 28
Basics of Petroleum Refining for Non-Technical Personnel - October 26
Hydrotreating & Hydrocracking Process Technology - October 27, 28, 29
Introduction to Petroleum Refining Processing - October 27, 28, 29
Sulfuric Acid Alkylation Process Technology - October 28, 29
The Economics of Petroleum Refining - November 2, 3
Amine Treating & Sulfur Recovery Technologies - November 2, 3, 4
Gasoline / Diesel Blending for Refiners and Traders - November 3, 4, 5
Water Treatment for Refineries - November 3, 4, 5
How to Improve Refinery Profit Margins - November 4, 5
Please visit the Refining Process Services, Inc. website at www.petroleumrefining.com for details on each program and for registration information. Please also forward this e-mail to anyone that you think might benefit from one or more of these seminars. Registration is now open for all of the programs listed above.
If you have additional questions, feel free to contact me by e-mail (rps@thefccnetwork.com) or by phone at (909) 980-5451.
Best Regards,
Bob Campagna
FCC Network Editor
///////
Friday, July 30, 2010
Wednesday, July 28, 2010
ChemSpider
“When spider webs unite, they can tie up a lion” -- Ethiopian Proverb
ChemSpider (http://www.chemspider.com/), a Royal Society of Chemistry resource, is a tool that desulfurization researchers will find useful. The ChemSpider Web describes itself so well that I will just quote from it …
///////
“ChemSpider links together compound information across the web, providing free text and structure search access of millions of chemical structures. With an abundance of additional property information, tools to upload, curate and use the data, and integration to a multitude of other online services, ChemSpider is the richest single source of structure-based chemistry information. It is provided to the community by the Royal Society of Chemistry.”
source: http://www.chemspider.com/
///////
“What is ChemSpider?
“ChemSpider is a free-to-access collection of compound data from across the web, provided for the benefit of the community by the Royal Society of Chemistry (RSC). It aggregates chemical structures and their associated information into a single searchable repository and makes it available to everybody.
“ChemSpider builds on the collected sources by adding additional properties, related information and links back to original data sources. ChemSpider offers text and structure searching to find compounds of interest and provides unique services to improve this data by curation and annotation and to integrate it with users’ applications.
“ChemSpider SyntheticPages, CSSP, extends this model to cover reactions, providing quick publication, peer review and semantic enhancement of repeatable reactions
“The ChemSpider mission is to:
•Bring together compound data on the web
◦Nearly 25M compounds from almost 400 data sources, deduplicated with the original source links provided
◦Provide easy and powerful search options
◦Structure and substructure search
◦Validated synonyms improve accurate text search expansion
•Improve the quality of public chemistry data sources
◦Automated chemistry checking of structures on loading
◦Manual comment and correction tools offer crowdsourced curation with expert review
•Provide a publishing platform for the addition and preservation of data
◦Registered users can upload their own structure sets online and have their own home page
◦Registered users can add spectra, additional data, links, videos, audio to compound records
◦ChemSpider SyntheticPages allows publishing of reactions
•Make this data accessible and reusable
◦Mobile ChemSpider – accessed through mobile phone browsers, iPhones and iPads
◦Downloadable compound sets from search results
◦Web services to query and deliver data
◦Tools to embed linked structure images and spectra into web pages and blogs
•Integrate with publications
◦Direct links to an expanding collection of structures in RSC journals
◦Searching of PubMed and RSC books, journals and databases via validated chemical name dictionaries expands accurate compound name searching
ChemSpider grows daily with more depositions, more links. You are invited to help build this community for chemists by contributing your structures, spectra, syntheses. You can also actively participate in the curation of the data; registration enables you to become a depositor or curator.”
source: http://www.chemspider.com/About.aspx
///////
A couple of related resources are …
How to Search ChemSpider - Quick Search Guide
daviesje Posted: Friday, June 25, 2010 1:30:57 PM
021020 - ChemSpider Quick Card Name Search.pdf (282kb) downloaded 2 time(s).
source: http://forum.chemspider.com/Default.aspx?g=posts&t=233
///////
ChemSpider Blog: Archive for the Community Building Category
source: http://www.chemspider.com/blog/category/community-building
///////
The article below, while not directly related, definitely is worth reading …
Chemical - Text Hybrid Search Engines
zhou@gnf.org
Yingyao Zhou,*,†Bin Zhou,†Shumei Jiang,†and Frederick J. King†,‡
Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, 10675 John Jay Hopkins Drive, San Diego, California 92121, and, Developmental and Molecular Pathways, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical
Research, 250 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139
J. Chem. Inf. Model. 2010, 50, 47–54
Abstract
As the amount of chemical literature increases, it is critical that researchers be enabled to accurately locate documents related to a particular aspect of a given compound. Existing solutions, based on text and chemical search engines alone, suffer from the inclusion of “false negative” and “false positive” results, and cannot accommodate diverse repertoire of formats currently available for chemical documents. To address these concerns, we developed an approach called Entity-Canonical Keyword Indexing (ECKI), which converts a chemical entity embedded in a data source into its canonical keyword representation prior to being indexed by text search engines. We implemented ECKI using Microsoft Office SharePoint Server Search, and the resultant hybrid search engine not only supported complex mixed chemical and keyword queries but also was applied to both intranet and Internet environments. We envision that the adoption of ECKI will empower researchers to pose more complex search questions that were not readily attainable previously and to obtain answers at much improved speed and accuracy.
Document Source: http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/ci900380s
///////
ChemSpider (http://www.chemspider.com/), a Royal Society of Chemistry resource, is a tool that desulfurization researchers will find useful. The ChemSpider Web describes itself so well that I will just quote from it …
///////
“ChemSpider links together compound information across the web, providing free text and structure search access of millions of chemical structures. With an abundance of additional property information, tools to upload, curate and use the data, and integration to a multitude of other online services, ChemSpider is the richest single source of structure-based chemistry information. It is provided to the community by the Royal Society of Chemistry.”
source: http://www.chemspider.com/
///////
“What is ChemSpider?
“ChemSpider is a free-to-access collection of compound data from across the web, provided for the benefit of the community by the Royal Society of Chemistry (RSC). It aggregates chemical structures and their associated information into a single searchable repository and makes it available to everybody.
“ChemSpider builds on the collected sources by adding additional properties, related information and links back to original data sources. ChemSpider offers text and structure searching to find compounds of interest and provides unique services to improve this data by curation and annotation and to integrate it with users’ applications.
“ChemSpider SyntheticPages, CSSP, extends this model to cover reactions, providing quick publication, peer review and semantic enhancement of repeatable reactions
“The ChemSpider mission is to:
•Bring together compound data on the web
◦Nearly 25M compounds from almost 400 data sources, deduplicated with the original source links provided
◦Provide easy and powerful search options
◦Structure and substructure search
◦Validated synonyms improve accurate text search expansion
•Improve the quality of public chemistry data sources
◦Automated chemistry checking of structures on loading
◦Manual comment and correction tools offer crowdsourced curation with expert review
•Provide a publishing platform for the addition and preservation of data
◦Registered users can upload their own structure sets online and have their own home page
◦Registered users can add spectra, additional data, links, videos, audio to compound records
◦ChemSpider SyntheticPages allows publishing of reactions
•Make this data accessible and reusable
◦Mobile ChemSpider – accessed through mobile phone browsers, iPhones and iPads
◦Downloadable compound sets from search results
◦Web services to query and deliver data
◦Tools to embed linked structure images and spectra into web pages and blogs
•Integrate with publications
◦Direct links to an expanding collection of structures in RSC journals
◦Searching of PubMed and RSC books, journals and databases via validated chemical name dictionaries expands accurate compound name searching
ChemSpider grows daily with more depositions, more links. You are invited to help build this community for chemists by contributing your structures, spectra, syntheses. You can also actively participate in the curation of the data; registration enables you to become a depositor or curator.”
source: http://www.chemspider.com/About.aspx
///////
A couple of related resources are …
How to Search ChemSpider - Quick Search Guide
daviesje Posted: Friday, June 25, 2010 1:30:57 PM
021020 - ChemSpider Quick Card Name Search.pdf (282kb) downloaded 2 time(s).
source: http://forum.chemspider.com/Default.aspx?g=posts&t=233
///////
ChemSpider Blog: Archive for the Community Building Category
source: http://www.chemspider.com/blog/category/community-building
///////
The article below, while not directly related, definitely is worth reading …
Chemical - Text Hybrid Search Engines
zhou@gnf.org
Yingyao Zhou,*,†Bin Zhou,†Shumei Jiang,†and Frederick J. King†,‡
Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, 10675 John Jay Hopkins Drive, San Diego, California 92121, and, Developmental and Molecular Pathways, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical
Research, 250 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139
J. Chem. Inf. Model. 2010, 50, 47–54
Abstract
As the amount of chemical literature increases, it is critical that researchers be enabled to accurately locate documents related to a particular aspect of a given compound. Existing solutions, based on text and chemical search engines alone, suffer from the inclusion of “false negative” and “false positive” results, and cannot accommodate diverse repertoire of formats currently available for chemical documents. To address these concerns, we developed an approach called Entity-Canonical Keyword Indexing (ECKI), which converts a chemical entity embedded in a data source into its canonical keyword representation prior to being indexed by text search engines. We implemented ECKI using Microsoft Office SharePoint Server Search, and the resultant hybrid search engine not only supported complex mixed chemical and keyword queries but also was applied to both intranet and Internet environments. We envision that the adoption of ECKI will empower researchers to pose more complex search questions that were not readily attainable previously and to obtain answers at much improved speed and accuracy.
Document Source: http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/ci900380s
///////
Sunday, July 25, 2010
EbscoHost Advanced Search
“As a child my family's menu consisted of two choices: take it or leave it” -- Buddy Hackett (American Author and Comedian, 1924-2003)
EbscoHost’s powerful search engine is mostly menu driven, providing less opportunity for power searchers to enter complex search strings directly.
That said, you still can begin an Advanced Search using standard Boolean operators.
For example, you could enter …
dibenzothiophene and SO energy … to search for articles containing the word “dibenzothiophene” and appearing in any publication with “energy” in its title.
Or, you could enter the following …
dibenzothiophene and AU waldau … to search for articles containing the word “dibenzothiophene” and authored by anyone with the name “waldau”
But the key to expert EbscoHost searches lies in the menu options … check the “Full Text” box for a results list containing only those articles you can read online, for example.
Browse the following cheat sheet for a few ideas on how to improve your EbscoHost search effectiveness …
///////
EBSCOHOST OPERATORS CHEAT SHEET
Courtesy The Esther Raushenbush Library
AND
Use And to narrow your search. By joining search terms together, the And operator reduces the number of results. For eg. "architecture and postmodern" will only retrieve articles that contain both those terms.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
OR
Use Or to broaden your search. The Or operator searches for articles in which any of your search terms are present. Or is also useful when one is looking for terms with variant spelling or grammatical variations. Eg. "Renaissance and (woman or women)" will pick up articles that contain the term Renaissance along with either the term woman or women.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
NOT
Use Not to eliminate search terms. Eg. "Internet not World Wide Web" will only retrieve articles that contain the term Internet and do not refer to the World Wide Web.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
PARENTHESES:
Parentheses allow one to control the way the database will interpret and execute a string of search terms. Without parentheses a search is performed from left to right. However, terms that are enclosed in parentheses are given precedence and thus searched first. For eg.:
Renaissance and (history or art)
The parentheses in the above search string allow the database to search for those articles that contain the term Renaissance in addition to either the terms history or art. Thus, articles on both Renaissance history and Renaissance art will be retrieved.
Example without the parentheses:
Renaissance and history or art
The database will execute the above search string from left to right, retrieving articles either on Renaissance history or art. Without the parentheses, there will be virtually no connection made between the term Renaissance and the term art.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
SEARCHABLE FIELDS
One can search individual record fields using the following abbreviations:
AU
Author
TI
Title
SU
Subject Heading
SO
Source in which the article was published
AB
Abstracts
IL
Articles that contain illustrations or an illustration type
AN
Accession number
IS
International Standard Serial Number (ISSN)
source: http://www.slc.edu/library/research_tools/tips/ebscohost1.htm
///////
Finally, here are a few of the results of an EbscoHost advanced search …
dibenzothiophene IN journals 2009-2010
Thanks to: Houston Public Library, which provides access to Academic Search Complete to registered library users
Oxidative Desulfurization of Fuel Oil by Pyridinium-Based Ionic Liquids.Full Text Available By: Dishun Zhao; Yanan Wang; Duan, Erhong. Molecules, Nov2009, Vol. 14 Issue 11, p4351-4357, 7p, 1 Diagram, 2 Charts, 3 Graphs; DOI: 10.3390/molecules14114351; (AN 47256093)
Subjects: IONIC liquids; OXIDATION; DESULFURIZATION; PYRIDINIUM compounds; THIOPHENES; HYDROGEN peroxide; SULFUR oxides; CATALYSTS; SULFONES
Database: Academic Search Complete
Photocatalytic oxidation of dibenzothiophene using TiO2/bamboo charcoal.Full Text Available By: Zhang, Juan; Zhao, Dishun; Wang, Jinlong; Yang, Liyan. Journal of Materials Science, Jun2009, Vol. 44 Issue 12, p3112-3117, 6p, 1 Color Photograph, 2 Diagrams, 1 Chart, 4 Graphs; DOI: 10.1007/s10853-009-3413-z; (AN 39451311)
Subjects: PHOTOCATALYSIS; OXIDATION; TITANIUM dioxide; BAMBOO; CHARCOAL; HYDROGEN peroxide
Database: Academic Search Complete
Zinc-Substituted Polyoxometalate for Oxidative Desulfurization of Dibenzothiophene.Full Text Available By: Lai, J.; Luo, G.. Petroleum Science & Technology, May2009, Vol. 27 Issue 8, p781-787, 7p, 5 Charts; DOI: 10.1080/10916460802108603; (AN 38028762)
Subjects: DESULFURIZATION; CATALYSTS; HYDROGEN peroxide; OXIDIZING agents; SULFUR; POLYOXOMETALATES
Database: Academic Search Complete
The Research of Ultra-deep Desulfurization in Diesel via Ultrasonic Irradiation Under the Catalytic System of H2O2-CH3COOH-FeSO4.Full Text Available By: Fan, Q.; Zhao, D.; Dai, Y.. Petroleum Science & Technology, Feb2009, Vol. 27 Issue 3, p302-314, 13p, 1 Diagram, 1 Chart, 6 Graphs; DOI: 10.1080/10916460701707679; (AN 36424764)
Subjects: LEGISLATION; SULFUR; GASOLINE; DESULFURIZATION; FOSSIL fuels; PHOTOCHEMISTRY; SULFONES
Database: Academic Search Complete
EbscoHost’s powerful search engine is mostly menu driven, providing less opportunity for power searchers to enter complex search strings directly.
That said, you still can begin an Advanced Search using standard Boolean operators.
For example, you could enter …
dibenzothiophene and SO energy … to search for articles containing the word “dibenzothiophene” and appearing in any publication with “energy” in its title.
Or, you could enter the following …
dibenzothiophene and AU waldau … to search for articles containing the word “dibenzothiophene” and authored by anyone with the name “waldau”
But the key to expert EbscoHost searches lies in the menu options … check the “Full Text” box for a results list containing only those articles you can read online, for example.
Browse the following cheat sheet for a few ideas on how to improve your EbscoHost search effectiveness …
///////
EBSCOHOST OPERATORS CHEAT SHEET
Courtesy The Esther Raushenbush Library
AND
Use And to narrow your search. By joining search terms together, the And operator reduces the number of results. For eg. "architecture and postmodern" will only retrieve articles that contain both those terms.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
OR
Use Or to broaden your search. The Or operator searches for articles in which any of your search terms are present. Or is also useful when one is looking for terms with variant spelling or grammatical variations. Eg. "Renaissance and (woman or women)" will pick up articles that contain the term Renaissance along with either the term woman or women.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
NOT
Use Not to eliminate search terms. Eg. "Internet not World Wide Web" will only retrieve articles that contain the term Internet and do not refer to the World Wide Web.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
PARENTHESES:
Parentheses allow one to control the way the database will interpret and execute a string of search terms. Without parentheses a search is performed from left to right. However, terms that are enclosed in parentheses are given precedence and thus searched first. For eg.:
Renaissance and (history or art)
The parentheses in the above search string allow the database to search for those articles that contain the term Renaissance in addition to either the terms history or art. Thus, articles on both Renaissance history and Renaissance art will be retrieved.
Example without the parentheses:
Renaissance and history or art
The database will execute the above search string from left to right, retrieving articles either on Renaissance history or art. Without the parentheses, there will be virtually no connection made between the term Renaissance and the term art.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
SEARCHABLE FIELDS
One can search individual record fields using the following abbreviations:
AU
Author
TI
Title
SU
Subject Heading
SO
Source in which the article was published
AB
Abstracts
IL
Articles that contain illustrations or an illustration type
AN
Accession number
IS
International Standard Serial Number (ISSN)
source: http://www.slc.edu/library/research_tools/tips/ebscohost1.htm
///////
Finally, here are a few of the results of an EbscoHost advanced search …
dibenzothiophene IN journals 2009-2010
Thanks to: Houston Public Library, which provides access to Academic Search Complete to registered library users
Oxidative Desulfurization of Fuel Oil by Pyridinium-Based Ionic Liquids.Full Text Available By: Dishun Zhao; Yanan Wang; Duan, Erhong. Molecules, Nov2009, Vol. 14 Issue 11, p4351-4357, 7p, 1 Diagram, 2 Charts, 3 Graphs; DOI: 10.3390/molecules14114351; (AN 47256093)
Subjects: IONIC liquids; OXIDATION; DESULFURIZATION; PYRIDINIUM compounds; THIOPHENES; HYDROGEN peroxide; SULFUR oxides; CATALYSTS; SULFONES
Database: Academic Search Complete
Photocatalytic oxidation of dibenzothiophene using TiO2/bamboo charcoal.Full Text Available By: Zhang, Juan; Zhao, Dishun; Wang, Jinlong; Yang, Liyan. Journal of Materials Science, Jun2009, Vol. 44 Issue 12, p3112-3117, 6p, 1 Color Photograph, 2 Diagrams, 1 Chart, 4 Graphs; DOI: 10.1007/s10853-009-3413-z; (AN 39451311)
Subjects: PHOTOCATALYSIS; OXIDATION; TITANIUM dioxide; BAMBOO; CHARCOAL; HYDROGEN peroxide
Database: Academic Search Complete
Zinc-Substituted Polyoxometalate for Oxidative Desulfurization of Dibenzothiophene.Full Text Available By: Lai, J.; Luo, G.. Petroleum Science & Technology, May2009, Vol. 27 Issue 8, p781-787, 7p, 5 Charts; DOI: 10.1080/10916460802108603; (AN 38028762)
Subjects: DESULFURIZATION; CATALYSTS; HYDROGEN peroxide; OXIDIZING agents; SULFUR; POLYOXOMETALATES
Database: Academic Search Complete
The Research of Ultra-deep Desulfurization in Diesel via Ultrasonic Irradiation Under the Catalytic System of H2O2-CH3COOH-FeSO4.Full Text Available By: Fan, Q.; Zhao, D.; Dai, Y.. Petroleum Science & Technology, Feb2009, Vol. 27 Issue 3, p302-314, 13p, 1 Diagram, 1 Chart, 6 Graphs; DOI: 10.1080/10916460701707679; (AN 36424764)
Subjects: LEGISLATION; SULFUR; GASOLINE; DESULFURIZATION; FOSSIL fuels; PHOTOCHEMISTRY; SULFONES
Database: Academic Search Complete
Thursday, July 22, 2010
Organization Alert: Linda Hall Library
“County library? Reference desk, please. Hello? Yes, I need a word definition. Well, that's the problem. I don't know how to spell it and I'm not allowed to say it. Could you just rattle off all the swear words you know and I'll stop you when...Hello?” -- Calvin & Hobbes (Fictional characters from the comic series created by Bill Watterson.)
When you consider using an information consultant ... consider using Linda Hall Library's (http://www.lindahall.org) reference services.
During my career as corporate librarian for NASA, Brown & Root (now known as KBR), and Aramco, I used Linda Hall Library services frequently.
Linda Hall also offers document delivery and a database known as Difficult to Find Engineering Papers. According to the Linda Hall Web …
“This database includes a selection of engineering papers that have proven to be difficult to find. They are difficult to find because, in some cases, indexing sources have not included paper numbers or because some papers were not indexed at all by the major indexing services. Though some of the papers included in the database were published as early as 1952, most of the papers were published between 1991 and 2001, most by ASME and ASCE. The database was developed as a finding aid for these papers and no attempt has been made to make the database comprehensive. Additional titles may be added as time allows.
“Please contact the Linda Hall Library Reference Department for help using this database. All of these papers are available from the Linda Hall Library Document Services or may be used in the Library.”
source: http://www.lindahall.org/services/reference/resources/search.php///////
The Linda Hall Web is worth visiting when you need outside reference assistance. It also is useful to use as a base line should you consider using an independent information professional. For example, here is an excerpt from the “reference fees” page …
Linda Hall Library Fees for Searches
In addition to hourly fees, subject searches may include database fees. Rush searches are provided, dependent on staff availability.
•Regular: $50 per hour
•Rush: $75 per hour
Verification of date of receipt
•Regular: $50 per hour
•Rush: $75 per hour
///////
Note that an independent information professional might quote higher hourly rates. They may well be justified. But using the Linda Hall Library fees as a baseline, you can reasonably expect a justification for higher fees from other organizations.
I invite you to invite me … to join your LinkedIn network. Visit my LinkedIn Profile: www.linkedin.com/in/jeansteinhardtresearch
When you consider using an information consultant ... consider using Linda Hall Library's (http://www.lindahall.org) reference services.
During my career as corporate librarian for NASA, Brown & Root (now known as KBR), and Aramco, I used Linda Hall Library services frequently.
Linda Hall also offers document delivery and a database known as Difficult to Find Engineering Papers. According to the Linda Hall Web …
“This database includes a selection of engineering papers that have proven to be difficult to find. They are difficult to find because, in some cases, indexing sources have not included paper numbers or because some papers were not indexed at all by the major indexing services. Though some of the papers included in the database were published as early as 1952, most of the papers were published between 1991 and 2001, most by ASME and ASCE. The database was developed as a finding aid for these papers and no attempt has been made to make the database comprehensive. Additional titles may be added as time allows.
“Please contact the Linda Hall Library Reference Department for help using this database. All of these papers are available from the Linda Hall Library Document Services or may be used in the Library.”
source: http://www.lindahall.org/services/reference/resources/search.php///////
The Linda Hall Web is worth visiting when you need outside reference assistance. It also is useful to use as a base line should you consider using an independent information professional. For example, here is an excerpt from the “reference fees” page …
Linda Hall Library Fees for Searches
In addition to hourly fees, subject searches may include database fees. Rush searches are provided, dependent on staff availability.
•Regular: $50 per hour
•Rush: $75 per hour
Verification of date of receipt
•Regular: $50 per hour
•Rush: $75 per hour
///////
Note that an independent information professional might quote higher hourly rates. They may well be justified. But using the Linda Hall Library fees as a baseline, you can reasonably expect a justification for higher fees from other organizations.
I invite you to invite me … to join your LinkedIn network. Visit my LinkedIn Profile: www.linkedin.com/in/jeansteinhardtresearch
Monday, July 19, 2010
ScienceDirect Advanced Search
“Every advance in civilization has been denounced as unnatural while it was recent” -- Bertrand Russell (English Logician and Philosopher 1872-1970)
Most search engines have advanced search features that enable you to hone your search strategy to produce more relevant results. ScienceDirect (www.sciencedirect.com) is no exception.
The easiest way to advance your search is to click the Advanced Search button. Menu driven, it guides you effortlessly through the process of customizing your search strategy.
For multiple searches, save time by learning how to enter the search string directly. By avoiding the process of stepping through the menu each time, you can jump to your results a little bit faster. Get to the search box by clicking Expert Search on the Advanced Search page.
Here are a few examples to give you some ideas on how to improve your search results …
Find articles containing the word “dibenzothiophene” and published after 2008pub-date > 2008 and dibenzothiophene
Find articles containing the word “desulfurization” but NOT the word “coal”desulfurization AND NOT coal
Find articles containing both the words “desulfurization” AND “Rhodococcus”desulfurization AND Rhodococcus
Find articles containing the phrase “heavy oil” and written by author(s) affiliated with Exxonmobil"heavy oil" and AFFILIATION(exxonmobil)
Find articles appearing in the journal “Fuel Processing Technology” and containing the word “macromolecule”
ALL(macromolecule) AND SRCTITLE(Fuel Processing Technology)
You can copy one of the search strings above to your clipboard and then paste it into the ScienceDirect Expert Search box. Click Search and browse the results.
Which leads me to today’s second time-saver tip: Construct a search that provides the results you need, then copy the search string and save it in a Notepad or Word document for future use.
ScienceDirect provides detailed information on the Expert Search function. Some of them are reproduced below.
///////
All Sources Expert Search Tips
Choose search terms which are specific or closely related to the topic of interest.
Use the Specific Author field when searching names.
Use the singular form of the word.
Enclose stop words in brackets.
Use connectors.
Prioritize your search terms.
Use wildcard characters to combine or eliminate search terms.
Observe the guidelines for searching special characters and formulas.
Search document fields to limit your search results.
///////
Using the singular form of a word finds the singular, plural, and possessive forms of most words.
Example city finds "city", "cities", and "city's"
criterion finds "criteria" and "criterion"
///////
Handling Stop Words
Stop words are not searchable unless they are enclosed in brackets ({}) or double (" ") quotation marks.
•The word "not" is not a stop word, but it is a reserved word. To search for "not" enclose it in brackets: {not}.Example To search for the phrase, "not contested", enter {not contested}.
•The word "a" is a common word, but not a stop word. To search for a phrase containing a common word, enter the entire phrase as your search.Example To search for the phrase "one in a million", enter {one in a million}.
•If you are not sure whether a word is a stop word, omit the word from your search and use the W/nnproximity connector to account for the word's presence in the search.
///////
Connectors and Proximity Operators - Expert Search
You can use connectors and proximity operators to specify the words you want to include or exclude from your search results and to search for more than one word in a single search. If you use more than one connector or operator in your search, ScienceDirect® interprets the search according to the order of precedence.
To search for a specific phrase, enclose the terms in double (" ") or, for an exact match, brackets ({}). See Searching for Phrases for more information.
Connector Description
AND When AND is used, all of the terms in your search must appear in the returned documents even if the terms are far apart from each other. Example lesion AND pancreatic would only return documents that contained both the terms lesion and pancreatic.
AND is the default connector. When you enter 2 or more search terms, AND is automatically inserted between any spaces or hyphens in the terms.
Example If you searched for heart attack or heart-attack both would be searched as heart AND attack.
OR Use OR when at least one of your search terms must appear in returned documents. You can use OR to search for synonyms, alternate spellings, or abbreviations.
Example kidney OR renal would return documents that contained either of the terms kidney or renal.
AND NOT Use AND NOT to exclude specific terms from returned documents.
Example ganglia OR tumor AND NOT malignant would find documents that contained the terms ganglia or tumor, but not the term malignant.
W/n Use W/n to specify how far apart terms may appear in documents. W represents "within", and n represents the maximum number of words between the terms.
Note W/n does not specify the word order. Either word may appear first.
Example pain W/15 morphine would find documents that had the terms "pain" and "morphine" within 15 words of each other.
Use the following guidelines when choosing a number for n:
•To find terms in the same phrase, use W/3, W/4, or W/5.
•To find terms in the same sentence, use W/15.
•To find terms in the same paragraph, use W/50.
PRE/n Use PRE/n to find documents in which the first term precedes the second term within a specified number (n) of words.
Example behavioural PRE/3 disturbances would find documents in which behavioural precedes disturbances by three or less words.
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Wildcard Characters
You can use wildcard characters to easily find variations of search words, making your search simpler.
Use this wildcard... To do this...
Asterisk (*) Replace zero or more characters in a search word. For example, use * to find a root word plus all the words made by adding letters to the end of it.Example h*r*t finds "heart", "harvest", "homograft", "hypervalent", and others
Question mark (?) Replace exactly one character in a search word. Use one question mark for each character you want to replace.Example gro?t finds "grout" or "groat", but not "groundnut" or "grommet"
•Make sure the number of question marks in the search term corresponds to the number of letters that you want to replace. Example transplant?? finds "transplanted" and "transplanter".
Note transplant?? does not find "transplantation", " transplanting", or "transplant". Because there are two wildcard characters, the search finds only words with exactly two extra characters. To find all variations of "transplant", use the asterisk (*) wildcard character.
•Use a question mark to hold a space for certain variations in spelling at any point in a word.
Example bernst??n finds both the "ei" and the "ie" spelling of the name.
Note For some words, it is better to use the asterisk to account for spelling variations. For example, searching for behavi?r does not return results that include "behaviour"; however, searching for behavi*r returns results that include both "behavior" and "behaviour".
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Supported Character Set
ScienceDirect® supports the UTF-8 character set, which means that you can enter all UTF-8 characters directly in the search form, including non-Roman and accented characters. See the Unicode web site for more information about UTF-8.
Character Example
Greek alphabet To search the Greek letter Ω, enter Ω or omega.
Subscript and superscript Enter subscripted and superscripted characters on the same line as the other characters. To search for the chemical notation "H2O," enter H2O.
Accented characters To search for the name Fürst, enter Fürst or Furst.
Non-alphanumeric characters Characters such as hyphens, bullets, arrows, daggers, plus signs, and minus signs are ignored unless they are enclosed in brackets. Example To search for the term "high-risk", enter {high-risk}.
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All Sources Expert Search Fields
To restrict your search to a specific field, include the field name in your search.
Example title (neurotoxin) finds all the documents that contain "neurotoxin" in the article title.
Searches that do not specify a specific field will search the full record.
Example neurotoxin finds all documents where "neurotoxin" was mentioned anywhere in the document including in a title, in keywords, in an abstract, and in references.
Field Search Tips
•Field names can be entered in upper or lower case.
•Field names must be spelled exactly the way they are listed below, including hyphens.
•Use the following syntax for text fields to specify a field name in your search string:
field_name(search_term)
Where search_term is the term you want to find and field_name is one of the fields in the Field Name table.
•For many fields, you can enter 3-letter codes instead of the full field name.Example Both of these searches search the title, abstract, and keywords fields:
title-abstr-key(renal failure)
tak(renal failure)
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source: http://help.sciencedirect.com/flare/sdhelp_Left.htm#CSHID=stexpt_main_all.htmStartTopic=Content%2Fstexpt_main_all.htmSkinName=sdhelp_skin
Most search engines have advanced search features that enable you to hone your search strategy to produce more relevant results. ScienceDirect (www.sciencedirect.com) is no exception.
The easiest way to advance your search is to click the Advanced Search button. Menu driven, it guides you effortlessly through the process of customizing your search strategy.
For multiple searches, save time by learning how to enter the search string directly. By avoiding the process of stepping through the menu each time, you can jump to your results a little bit faster. Get to the search box by clicking Expert Search on the Advanced Search page.
Here are a few examples to give you some ideas on how to improve your search results …
Find articles containing the word “dibenzothiophene” and published after 2008pub-date > 2008 and dibenzothiophene
Find articles containing the word “desulfurization” but NOT the word “coal”desulfurization AND NOT coal
Find articles containing both the words “desulfurization” AND “Rhodococcus”desulfurization AND Rhodococcus
Find articles containing the phrase “heavy oil” and written by author(s) affiliated with Exxonmobil"heavy oil" and AFFILIATION(exxonmobil)
Find articles appearing in the journal “Fuel Processing Technology” and containing the word “macromolecule”
ALL(macromolecule) AND SRCTITLE(Fuel Processing Technology)
You can copy one of the search strings above to your clipboard and then paste it into the ScienceDirect Expert Search box. Click Search and browse the results.
Which leads me to today’s second time-saver tip: Construct a search that provides the results you need, then copy the search string and save it in a Notepad or Word document for future use.
ScienceDirect provides detailed information on the Expert Search function. Some of them are reproduced below.
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All Sources Expert Search Tips
Choose search terms which are specific or closely related to the topic of interest.
Use the Specific Author field when searching names.
Use the singular form of the word.
Enclose stop words in brackets.
Use connectors.
Prioritize your search terms.
Use wildcard characters to combine or eliminate search terms.
Observe the guidelines for searching special characters and formulas.
Search document fields to limit your search results.
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Using the singular form of a word finds the singular, plural, and possessive forms of most words.
Example city finds "city", "cities", and "city's"
criterion finds "criteria" and "criterion"
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Handling Stop Words
Stop words are not searchable unless they are enclosed in brackets ({}) or double (" ") quotation marks.
•The word "not" is not a stop word, but it is a reserved word. To search for "not" enclose it in brackets: {not}.Example To search for the phrase, "not contested", enter {not contested}.
•The word "a" is a common word, but not a stop word. To search for a phrase containing a common word, enter the entire phrase as your search.Example To search for the phrase "one in a million", enter {one in a million}.
•If you are not sure whether a word is a stop word, omit the word from your search and use the W/nnproximity connector to account for the word's presence in the search.
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Connectors and Proximity Operators - Expert Search
You can use connectors and proximity operators to specify the words you want to include or exclude from your search results and to search for more than one word in a single search. If you use more than one connector or operator in your search, ScienceDirect® interprets the search according to the order of precedence.
To search for a specific phrase, enclose the terms in double (" ") or, for an exact match, brackets ({}). See Searching for Phrases for more information.
Connector Description
AND When AND is used, all of the terms in your search must appear in the returned documents even if the terms are far apart from each other. Example lesion AND pancreatic would only return documents that contained both the terms lesion and pancreatic.
AND is the default connector. When you enter 2 or more search terms, AND is automatically inserted between any spaces or hyphens in the terms.
Example If you searched for heart attack or heart-attack both would be searched as heart AND attack.
OR Use OR when at least one of your search terms must appear in returned documents. You can use OR to search for synonyms, alternate spellings, or abbreviations.
Example kidney OR renal would return documents that contained either of the terms kidney or renal.
AND NOT Use AND NOT to exclude specific terms from returned documents.
Example ganglia OR tumor AND NOT malignant would find documents that contained the terms ganglia or tumor, but not the term malignant.
W/n Use W/n to specify how far apart terms may appear in documents. W represents "within", and n represents the maximum number of words between the terms.
Note W/n does not specify the word order. Either word may appear first.
Example pain W/15 morphine would find documents that had the terms "pain" and "morphine" within 15 words of each other.
Use the following guidelines when choosing a number for n:
•To find terms in the same phrase, use W/3, W/4, or W/5.
•To find terms in the same sentence, use W/15.
•To find terms in the same paragraph, use W/50.
PRE/n Use PRE/n to find documents in which the first term precedes the second term within a specified number (n) of words.
Example behavioural PRE/3 disturbances would find documents in which behavioural precedes disturbances by three or less words.
///////
Wildcard Characters
You can use wildcard characters to easily find variations of search words, making your search simpler.
Use this wildcard... To do this...
Asterisk (*) Replace zero or more characters in a search word. For example, use * to find a root word plus all the words made by adding letters to the end of it.Example h*r*t finds "heart", "harvest", "homograft", "hypervalent", and others
Question mark (?) Replace exactly one character in a search word. Use one question mark for each character you want to replace.Example gro?t finds "grout" or "groat", but not "groundnut" or "grommet"
•Make sure the number of question marks in the search term corresponds to the number of letters that you want to replace. Example transplant?? finds "transplanted" and "transplanter".
Note transplant?? does not find "transplantation", " transplanting", or "transplant". Because there are two wildcard characters, the search finds only words with exactly two extra characters. To find all variations of "transplant", use the asterisk (*) wildcard character.
•Use a question mark to hold a space for certain variations in spelling at any point in a word.
Example bernst??n finds both the "ei" and the "ie" spelling of the name.
Note For some words, it is better to use the asterisk to account for spelling variations. For example, searching for behavi?r does not return results that include "behaviour"; however, searching for behavi*r returns results that include both "behavior" and "behaviour".
///////
Supported Character Set
ScienceDirect® supports the UTF-8 character set, which means that you can enter all UTF-8 characters directly in the search form, including non-Roman and accented characters. See the Unicode web site for more information about UTF-8.
Character Example
Greek alphabet To search the Greek letter Ω, enter Ω or omega.
Subscript and superscript Enter subscripted and superscripted characters on the same line as the other characters. To search for the chemical notation "H2O," enter H2O.
Accented characters To search for the name Fürst, enter Fürst or Furst.
Non-alphanumeric characters Characters such as hyphens, bullets, arrows, daggers, plus signs, and minus signs are ignored unless they are enclosed in brackets. Example To search for the term "high-risk", enter {high-risk}.
///////
All Sources Expert Search Fields
To restrict your search to a specific field, include the field name in your search.
Example title (neurotoxin) finds all the documents that contain "neurotoxin" in the article title.
Searches that do not specify a specific field will search the full record.
Example neurotoxin finds all documents where "neurotoxin" was mentioned anywhere in the document including in a title, in keywords, in an abstract, and in references.
Field Search Tips
•Field names can be entered in upper or lower case.
•Field names must be spelled exactly the way they are listed below, including hyphens.
•Use the following syntax for text fields to specify a field name in your search string:
field_name(search_term)
Where search_term is the term you want to find and field_name is one of the fields in the Field Name table.
•For many fields, you can enter 3-letter codes instead of the full field name.Example Both of these searches search the title, abstract, and keywords fields:
title-abstr-key(renal failure)
tak(renal failure)
///////
source: http://help.sciencedirect.com/flare/sdhelp_Left.htm#CSHID=stexpt_main_all.htmStartTopic=Content%2Fstexpt_main_all.htmSkinName=sdhelp_skin
Wednesday, July 14, 2010
Google Cheats
“Children are the most desirable opponents at scrabble as they are both easy to beat and fun to cheat.” -- Fran Lebowitz (American Writer and Humorist, b.1950)
A primary purpose of the Desulfurization Blog is to provide tips on how to make your online searching more efficient. Much of your searching involves Googling®. You can refine your Google searches by clicking the “Advanced” button and entering additional criteria to limit the search to more relevant results.
Here’s a time saver tip: Use the Google Cheat Sheet (http://www.google.com/help/cheatsheet.html) to enter the search string directly. This saves you a few keystrokes, which can add up when you are doing multiple searches.
The Google Cheats include …
Maui OR Hawaii ….. to find pages containing EITHER the word Maui OR the word Hawaii
“To each his own” ….. to find the EXACT PHRASE “To each his own”
Virus NOT computer … to find the word virus but NOT the word computer
+sock ….. to find only the word sock and not the PLURAL or any tenses or synonyms
~auto loan ….. to find loan info for BOTH the word auto and its synonyms: truck, car, etc.
Source: http://www.google.com/help/cheatsheet.html
There are many others. Visit the Cheat Sheet URL for more.
Here are two examples illustrating the use of Google special operators …
GOOGLE “+” EXAMPLE:
dibenzothiophene +patent 2010In this example, we search for items containing the word “patent” but not “patents” or “patentable”Browse the post to see one result
GOOGLE “-“ EXAMPLE:
dibenzothiophene -patent 2010In this example, we search for items containing the word “dibenzothiophene” EXCLUDING PATENTSBrowse the post to see one result
In each case we restricted the search further by including the year “2010”
///////
GOOGLE “+” EXAMPLE:
dibenzothiophene +patent 2010In this example, we search for items containing the word “patent” but not “patents” or “patentable”
///////
Patent application title:
ADSORPTION OF DIBENZOTHIOPHENES FROM HYDROCARBON AND MODEL DIESEL FEEDSInventors: Xiaolin Wei Marcus V. Dutra e Mello Daniel Chinn Zunqing He Scott M. Husson
Agents: CHEVRON CORPORATION
Assignees: Chevron U.S.A. Inc.
Origin: SAN RAMON, CA US
IPC8 Class: AC10G1702FI
USPC Class: 208219
Publication date: 06/17/2010
Patent application number: 20100147748
Abstract:
A process for adsorbing aromatic sulfur compounds, where an adsorbent is contacted with a C.sub.6-C.sub.20 aromatic and/or aliphatic stream which comprises a solution of (i) at least one benzothiophene compound, (ii) a solvent which comprises at least one C.sub.6-C.sub.16 aliphatic compound, and (iii) optionally at least one C.sub.6-C.sub.12 aromatic compound. In this process, the adsorbent is regenerated using an organic regenerant such as, but not limited to, toluene. Also disclosed is another process for adsorbing aromatic sulfur compounds. In this process, an adsorbent is contacted with a mixture comprising a model diesel feed comprising at least one benzothiophene compound. In this process, the adsorbent is regenerated using an organic regenerant such as, but not limited to, toluene.
FIELD OF THE INVENTION
[0001]The present invention is related to processes for adsorbing aromatic sulfur compounds from hydrocarbon and model diesel feeds.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
[0002]The removal of sulfur from gasoline fuel demands attention worldwide, not only because of the need to reduce atmospheric pollution by sulfur oxides, but also because of the need to make ultra-low sulfur fuels for hydrocarbon fuel processors used in fuel cell applications. EPA regulations put forward in 2001 require that gasoline sulfur content must be .ltoreq.30 ppmw, and highway diesel sulfur content should be .ltoreq.15 ppmw in 2009.
[0003]The common types of sulfur compounds in various distillate fuel fractions include sulfides, disulfides, thiols, thiophenes, benzothiophenes, methyl-benzothiophenes, dibenzothiophenes, and methyl-substituted dibenzothiophenes. The presence of sulfur compounds in commercial fuels is highly undesirable. These compounds are corrosive to metals, poison catalysts in hydrocarbon fuel processors, and they contaminate the environment in the form of sulfur oxides emitted in engine exhaust.
[0004]Currently, the extent of petroleum feedstock desulfurization depends on the catalytic hydrodesulfurization process (HDS), where the sulfur compounds lose sulfur by hydrogenation reactions, giving off H.sub.2S as one of the treatable products. Hydrotreating is a commercially proven and simple refining process, and refineries with hydrotreaters produce deeply desulfurized gas oil on straight-run distillates by modifying catalysts and operating conditions. However, greater challenges are expected for desulfurizing distillate streams such as Light Cycle Oil (LCO), requiring either substantial revamps to equipment or construction of new units. Specifically, hydrotreating LCO requires a higher reactor pressure, as well as an increased hydrogen rate and purity. Furthermore, distillates from Fluid Catalytic Cracking (FCC) operations contain higher concentrations of compounds with aromatic rings, which make deep desulfurization more difficult. For these reasons, new technology developments are needed for the ultra-deep desulfurization of these feedstocks.
[0005]In order to reduce the cost of deep-desulfurization, several new technologies have been introduced in the experimental stages. Among them, sulfur adsorption, sulfur oxidation and biodesulfurization seem to be quite promising. The major advantages of these new technologies include lower costs, lower processing temperatures and pressures, reduced emissions of gaseous pollutants and carbon dioxide, and no hydrogen requirement. In general, the sulfur adsorption processes use specific adsorbents that interact with the sulfur-containing compounds to separate them selectively from the hydrocarbon mixtures. This technology seems particularly favorable for gasoline desulfurization because the process does not modify the hydrocarbon components, thereby avoiding any loss in octane rating.
[0006]In commercial diesel, the major sulfur compounds are thiophene, benzothiophene, dibenzothiophene, and their alkyl derivatives. This fact indicates that the reactivities of alkyl-substituted benzothiophenes (BT) and dibenzothiophenes (DBT) are much lower during catalytic hydrotreating than those of other sulfur-containing molecules. Kabe et al. reported that although the alkyl group substitutions of DBT do not inhibit the adsorption of DBT's on catalysts via .pi.-electrons in the aromatic rings, the C--S bond cleavage of adsorbed DBT's is disturbed by steric hinderance of the alkyl group(s). Kabe, T.; Ishihara, A.; Zhang, Q. Deep desulfurization of light oil. Part 2: hydrodesulfurization of dibenzothiophene, 4-methyldibenzothiophene and 4,6-dimethyldibenzothiophene. Appl. Catal. A 1993, 97, L1-L9. Consequently, in the ultra-deep desulfurization process, the removal of these substituted DBT's is of greatest interest for refineries.
[0007]Because DBT's are electron rich, they form charge transfer complexes (CTC) with suitable electron acceptors. For this reason, reversible complexation of DBT's by .pi.-acceptors can be used as a separation strategy to recover DBT's. One technical challenge to overcome in order to use reversible complexation as the strategy for DBT removal from gasoils is that gasoils contain numerous other aromatic compounds that also can donate electrons to form CTC's with the acceptor compound. For this reason, the acceptor compound (or, more generally, the separation agent) needs to be selective toward the DBT's. To tackle this critical need, we have previously (i) prepared and tested a TAPA functionalized adsorbent that incorporates .pi.-acceptor groups known to be efficient and selective for binding DBT's; (ii) addressed that this adsorbent should maintain capacity in the presence of significant volume percentages of aromatics; and (iii) addressed that this adsorbent is regenerable (i.e. complexation is reversible), as fully described in commonly assigned, pending U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/134,311, the entire disclosure of which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety. We now address three issues pertaining to the use of TAPA functionalized adsorbents: (i) adsorption of 4,6-DMDBT in the presence of competing aromatics, (ii) co-adsorption of 4,6-DMDBT and dibenzothiophene from model diesel, and (iii) solvent regeneration of adsorbents with a toluene regenerant.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
[0008]One aspect of this invention is directed to one process for adsorbing aromatic sulfur compounds. In this process, an adsorbent is contacted with a C.sub.6-C.sub.20 aromatic and/or aliphatic stream which comprises a solution of (i) at least one benzothiophene compound, (ii) a solvent which comprises at least one C.sub.6-C.sub.16 aliphatic compound, and (iii) optionally at least one C.sub.6-C.sub.12 aromatic compound. In this process, the adsorbent is regenerated using an organic regenerant such as, but not limited to, toluene.
[0009]Another aspect of the invention is directed to another process for adsorbing aromatic sulfur compounds. In this process, an adsorbent is contacted with a mixture comprising a model diesel feed comprising at least one benzothiophene compound. In this process, the adsorbent is regenerated using an organic regenerant such as, but not limited to, toluene.
source: http://www.faqs.org/patents/app/20100147748
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GOOGLE “-“ EXAMPLE:
dibenzothiophene -patent 2010In this example, we search for items containing the word “dibenzothiophene” EXCLUDING PATENTS///////
Molecules 2010, 15, 1265-1269
doi:10.3390/molecules15031265
Desulfurization of Dibenzothiophene and Oxidized Dibenzothiophene Ring SystemsDiego P. Morales, Alexander S. Taylor and Steven C. Farmer *
Department of Chemistry, Sonoma State University, 1801 East Cotati Avenue, Rohnert Park, CA 94928, USA
∗ Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: farmers@sonoma.edu; Tel.: +1-707-664-3728.
1. Introduction
The reductive desulfurizations of various types of organosulfur compounds are of importance in industry, mainly because of their application in the desulfurization of fossil fuels to reduce pollution [1,2]. The desulfurization of polycyclic aromatic sulfur compounds such as benzo- and dibenzothiophenes are of particular interest because of their widespread occurrence in fossil fuels.
The desulfurization of polycyclic aromatic sulfur compounds also has applications in the laboratory [3–5]. Because the sulfur atom in such heterocycles has a strong directing effect towards electrophillic aromatic substitution reactions, the subsequent desulfurization could provide a regioselective entry to substituted biphenyls and related compounds. Because of this and the fact that dibenzothiophenes are particularly difficult to desulfurize by conventional methods, new methodology that can efficiently perform this reaction are of great interest. Examination of the literature dealing with the desulfurization of dibenzothiophene shows that numerous synthetic problems remain unsolved and that room for new reagents exists. Some examples of the desulfurization of dibenzothiophene (1) to make biphenyl (2) have been reported, however these reactions involve long reaction times [6,7], high temperatures [8–10], complex reagents [11] or low yields [16]. In addition there have been very few examples of the desulfurization of dibenzothiophene sulfoxide (3) [17,18], and dibenzothiophene sulfone (4) [10,19–21] as S-oxidized derivatives of this ring system. In fact, both lithium and sodium [10] have been used to effect sulfur extrusions from dibenzothiophene. However, in both cases low yields occurred unless high temperatures were used. The high temperatures required that the high boiling point solvent, tetradecane, be used. The removal of high boiling point solvents from reaction mixtures can be difficult. The generation of a method which can afford high sulfur extrusion yields, while still using a solvent which can be removed by rotary evaporation, would be of great benefit. In this manuscript we apply our previous work using lithium in combination with sodium as an efficient method for the desulfurization of heterocycles [22,23].
source: www.mdpi.com/1420-3049/15/3/1265/pdf
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Jean invites you to view his LinkedIn profile (www.linkedin.com/in/jeansteinhardtresearch), and accepts invitations to join your LinkedIn network.
A primary purpose of the Desulfurization Blog is to provide tips on how to make your online searching more efficient. Much of your searching involves Googling®. You can refine your Google searches by clicking the “Advanced” button and entering additional criteria to limit the search to more relevant results.
Here’s a time saver tip: Use the Google Cheat Sheet (http://www.google.com/help/cheatsheet.html) to enter the search string directly. This saves you a few keystrokes, which can add up when you are doing multiple searches.
The Google Cheats include …
Maui OR Hawaii ….. to find pages containing EITHER the word Maui OR the word Hawaii
“To each his own” ….. to find the EXACT PHRASE “To each his own”
Virus NOT computer … to find the word virus but NOT the word computer
+sock ….. to find only the word sock and not the PLURAL or any tenses or synonyms
~auto loan ….. to find loan info for BOTH the word auto and its synonyms: truck, car, etc.
Source: http://www.google.com/help/cheatsheet.html
There are many others. Visit the Cheat Sheet URL for more.
Here are two examples illustrating the use of Google special operators …
GOOGLE “+” EXAMPLE:
dibenzothiophene +patent 2010In this example, we search for items containing the word “patent” but not “patents” or “patentable”Browse the post to see one result
GOOGLE “-“ EXAMPLE:
dibenzothiophene -patent 2010In this example, we search for items containing the word “dibenzothiophene” EXCLUDING PATENTSBrowse the post to see one result
In each case we restricted the search further by including the year “2010”
///////
GOOGLE “+” EXAMPLE:
dibenzothiophene +patent 2010In this example, we search for items containing the word “patent” but not “patents” or “patentable”
///////
Patent application title:
ADSORPTION OF DIBENZOTHIOPHENES FROM HYDROCARBON AND MODEL DIESEL FEEDSInventors: Xiaolin Wei Marcus V. Dutra e Mello Daniel Chinn Zunqing He Scott M. Husson
Agents: CHEVRON CORPORATION
Assignees: Chevron U.S.A. Inc.
Origin: SAN RAMON, CA US
IPC8 Class: AC10G1702FI
USPC Class: 208219
Publication date: 06/17/2010
Patent application number: 20100147748
Abstract:
A process for adsorbing aromatic sulfur compounds, where an adsorbent is contacted with a C.sub.6-C.sub.20 aromatic and/or aliphatic stream which comprises a solution of (i) at least one benzothiophene compound, (ii) a solvent which comprises at least one C.sub.6-C.sub.16 aliphatic compound, and (iii) optionally at least one C.sub.6-C.sub.12 aromatic compound. In this process, the adsorbent is regenerated using an organic regenerant such as, but not limited to, toluene. Also disclosed is another process for adsorbing aromatic sulfur compounds. In this process, an adsorbent is contacted with a mixture comprising a model diesel feed comprising at least one benzothiophene compound. In this process, the adsorbent is regenerated using an organic regenerant such as, but not limited to, toluene.
FIELD OF THE INVENTION
[0001]The present invention is related to processes for adsorbing aromatic sulfur compounds from hydrocarbon and model diesel feeds.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
[0002]The removal of sulfur from gasoline fuel demands attention worldwide, not only because of the need to reduce atmospheric pollution by sulfur oxides, but also because of the need to make ultra-low sulfur fuels for hydrocarbon fuel processors used in fuel cell applications. EPA regulations put forward in 2001 require that gasoline sulfur content must be .ltoreq.30 ppmw, and highway diesel sulfur content should be .ltoreq.15 ppmw in 2009.
[0003]The common types of sulfur compounds in various distillate fuel fractions include sulfides, disulfides, thiols, thiophenes, benzothiophenes, methyl-benzothiophenes, dibenzothiophenes, and methyl-substituted dibenzothiophenes. The presence of sulfur compounds in commercial fuels is highly undesirable. These compounds are corrosive to metals, poison catalysts in hydrocarbon fuel processors, and they contaminate the environment in the form of sulfur oxides emitted in engine exhaust.
[0004]Currently, the extent of petroleum feedstock desulfurization depends on the catalytic hydrodesulfurization process (HDS), where the sulfur compounds lose sulfur by hydrogenation reactions, giving off H.sub.2S as one of the treatable products. Hydrotreating is a commercially proven and simple refining process, and refineries with hydrotreaters produce deeply desulfurized gas oil on straight-run distillates by modifying catalysts and operating conditions. However, greater challenges are expected for desulfurizing distillate streams such as Light Cycle Oil (LCO), requiring either substantial revamps to equipment or construction of new units. Specifically, hydrotreating LCO requires a higher reactor pressure, as well as an increased hydrogen rate and purity. Furthermore, distillates from Fluid Catalytic Cracking (FCC) operations contain higher concentrations of compounds with aromatic rings, which make deep desulfurization more difficult. For these reasons, new technology developments are needed for the ultra-deep desulfurization of these feedstocks.
[0005]In order to reduce the cost of deep-desulfurization, several new technologies have been introduced in the experimental stages. Among them, sulfur adsorption, sulfur oxidation and biodesulfurization seem to be quite promising. The major advantages of these new technologies include lower costs, lower processing temperatures and pressures, reduced emissions of gaseous pollutants and carbon dioxide, and no hydrogen requirement. In general, the sulfur adsorption processes use specific adsorbents that interact with the sulfur-containing compounds to separate them selectively from the hydrocarbon mixtures. This technology seems particularly favorable for gasoline desulfurization because the process does not modify the hydrocarbon components, thereby avoiding any loss in octane rating.
[0006]In commercial diesel, the major sulfur compounds are thiophene, benzothiophene, dibenzothiophene, and their alkyl derivatives. This fact indicates that the reactivities of alkyl-substituted benzothiophenes (BT) and dibenzothiophenes (DBT) are much lower during catalytic hydrotreating than those of other sulfur-containing molecules. Kabe et al. reported that although the alkyl group substitutions of DBT do not inhibit the adsorption of DBT's on catalysts via .pi.-electrons in the aromatic rings, the C--S bond cleavage of adsorbed DBT's is disturbed by steric hinderance of the alkyl group(s). Kabe, T.; Ishihara, A.; Zhang, Q. Deep desulfurization of light oil. Part 2: hydrodesulfurization of dibenzothiophene, 4-methyldibenzothiophene and 4,6-dimethyldibenzothiophene. Appl. Catal. A 1993, 97, L1-L9. Consequently, in the ultra-deep desulfurization process, the removal of these substituted DBT's is of greatest interest for refineries.
[0007]Because DBT's are electron rich, they form charge transfer complexes (CTC) with suitable electron acceptors. For this reason, reversible complexation of DBT's by .pi.-acceptors can be used as a separation strategy to recover DBT's. One technical challenge to overcome in order to use reversible complexation as the strategy for DBT removal from gasoils is that gasoils contain numerous other aromatic compounds that also can donate electrons to form CTC's with the acceptor compound. For this reason, the acceptor compound (or, more generally, the separation agent) needs to be selective toward the DBT's. To tackle this critical need, we have previously (i) prepared and tested a TAPA functionalized adsorbent that incorporates .pi.-acceptor groups known to be efficient and selective for binding DBT's; (ii) addressed that this adsorbent should maintain capacity in the presence of significant volume percentages of aromatics; and (iii) addressed that this adsorbent is regenerable (i.e. complexation is reversible), as fully described in commonly assigned, pending U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/134,311, the entire disclosure of which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety. We now address three issues pertaining to the use of TAPA functionalized adsorbents: (i) adsorption of 4,6-DMDBT in the presence of competing aromatics, (ii) co-adsorption of 4,6-DMDBT and dibenzothiophene from model diesel, and (iii) solvent regeneration of adsorbents with a toluene regenerant.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
[0008]One aspect of this invention is directed to one process for adsorbing aromatic sulfur compounds. In this process, an adsorbent is contacted with a C.sub.6-C.sub.20 aromatic and/or aliphatic stream which comprises a solution of (i) at least one benzothiophene compound, (ii) a solvent which comprises at least one C.sub.6-C.sub.16 aliphatic compound, and (iii) optionally at least one C.sub.6-C.sub.12 aromatic compound. In this process, the adsorbent is regenerated using an organic regenerant such as, but not limited to, toluene.
[0009]Another aspect of the invention is directed to another process for adsorbing aromatic sulfur compounds. In this process, an adsorbent is contacted with a mixture comprising a model diesel feed comprising at least one benzothiophene compound. In this process, the adsorbent is regenerated using an organic regenerant such as, but not limited to, toluene.
source: http://www.faqs.org/patents/app/20100147748
///////
GOOGLE “-“ EXAMPLE:
dibenzothiophene -patent 2010In this example, we search for items containing the word “dibenzothiophene” EXCLUDING PATENTS///////
Molecules 2010, 15, 1265-1269
doi:10.3390/molecules15031265
Desulfurization of Dibenzothiophene and Oxidized Dibenzothiophene Ring SystemsDiego P. Morales, Alexander S. Taylor and Steven C. Farmer *
Department of Chemistry, Sonoma State University, 1801 East Cotati Avenue, Rohnert Park, CA 94928, USA
∗ Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: farmers@sonoma.edu; Tel.: +1-707-664-3728.
1. Introduction
The reductive desulfurizations of various types of organosulfur compounds are of importance in industry, mainly because of their application in the desulfurization of fossil fuels to reduce pollution [1,2]. The desulfurization of polycyclic aromatic sulfur compounds such as benzo- and dibenzothiophenes are of particular interest because of their widespread occurrence in fossil fuels.
The desulfurization of polycyclic aromatic sulfur compounds also has applications in the laboratory [3–5]. Because the sulfur atom in such heterocycles has a strong directing effect towards electrophillic aromatic substitution reactions, the subsequent desulfurization could provide a regioselective entry to substituted biphenyls and related compounds. Because of this and the fact that dibenzothiophenes are particularly difficult to desulfurize by conventional methods, new methodology that can efficiently perform this reaction are of great interest. Examination of the literature dealing with the desulfurization of dibenzothiophene shows that numerous synthetic problems remain unsolved and that room for new reagents exists. Some examples of the desulfurization of dibenzothiophene (1) to make biphenyl (2) have been reported, however these reactions involve long reaction times [6,7], high temperatures [8–10], complex reagents [11] or low yields [16]. In addition there have been very few examples of the desulfurization of dibenzothiophene sulfoxide (3) [17,18], and dibenzothiophene sulfone (4) [10,19–21] as S-oxidized derivatives of this ring system. In fact, both lithium and sodium [10] have been used to effect sulfur extrusions from dibenzothiophene. However, in both cases low yields occurred unless high temperatures were used. The high temperatures required that the high boiling point solvent, tetradecane, be used. The removal of high boiling point solvents from reaction mixtures can be difficult. The generation of a method which can afford high sulfur extrusion yields, while still using a solvent which can be removed by rotary evaporation, would be of great benefit. In this manuscript we apply our previous work using lithium in combination with sodium as an efficient method for the desulfurization of heterocycles [22,23].
source: www.mdpi.com/1420-3049/15/3/1265/pdf
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Jean invites you to view his LinkedIn profile (www.linkedin.com/in/jeansteinhardtresearch), and accepts invitations to join your LinkedIn network.
Thursday, July 8, 2010
The Importance of Policy
"Domestic policy can only defeat us; foreign policy can kill us." -- John Fitzgerald Kennedy
Policy impacts technology … and technology impacts policy. I read with interest the following BENTEK study …
///////
How Less Became More: Wind, Power and Unintended Consequences in the Colorado Energy Market
Prepared for Independent Petroleum Association of Mountain States
April 16, 2010
Conclusions and Mitigation Suggestions
“The overarching conclusion of this analysis is that, like many other public policies, there are unintended consequences to implementation of Colorado’s RPS. Wind and renewable energy programs have been implemented in Colorado and around the country for the best of intentions: reducing air pollution (primarily CO2 and other greenhouse gases). The research in this report, however, suggests that wind energy, as it has so far been developed by PSCO in Colorado and by numerous utilities in ERCOT, has had minimal, if any, impact on CO2, yet has lead to a significant increase in SO2 and NOx. This chapter presents the study conclusions and makes a number of recommendations to improve the effectiveness of wind resources.”
source: BENTEK Energy (www.bentekenergy.com) 303-988-1320
///////
The study interested me because it points out how a well intentioned policy can make worse a situation it is intended to improve. In this case, because the focus is on CO2 reduction without considering the impact on the level of other harmful substances like SO2, the other substances can actually increase to more dangerous levels than they would have done had everything been left as is.
The implication is clear … effective policy requires a comprehensive approach in order to produce a successful outcome.
The same is true of technology research. Successful outcomes require a comprehensive approach that includes obtaining information about policy decisions being made that can impact the work done in the laboratory.
If you don’t have time to conduct research outside your technical field, get help from someone who can. Contact your corporate or academic librarian … or, lacking such a resource, an independent information professional like Jean Steinhardt Consulting LLC (www.JeanSteinhardtConsulting.com)
Policy impacts technology … and technology impacts policy. I read with interest the following BENTEK study …
///////
How Less Became More: Wind, Power and Unintended Consequences in the Colorado Energy Market
Prepared for Independent Petroleum Association of Mountain States
April 16, 2010
Conclusions and Mitigation Suggestions
“The overarching conclusion of this analysis is that, like many other public policies, there are unintended consequences to implementation of Colorado’s RPS. Wind and renewable energy programs have been implemented in Colorado and around the country for the best of intentions: reducing air pollution (primarily CO2 and other greenhouse gases). The research in this report, however, suggests that wind energy, as it has so far been developed by PSCO in Colorado and by numerous utilities in ERCOT, has had minimal, if any, impact on CO2, yet has lead to a significant increase in SO2 and NOx. This chapter presents the study conclusions and makes a number of recommendations to improve the effectiveness of wind resources.”
source: BENTEK Energy (www.bentekenergy.com) 303-988-1320
///////
The study interested me because it points out how a well intentioned policy can make worse a situation it is intended to improve. In this case, because the focus is on CO2 reduction without considering the impact on the level of other harmful substances like SO2, the other substances can actually increase to more dangerous levels than they would have done had everything been left as is.
The implication is clear … effective policy requires a comprehensive approach in order to produce a successful outcome.
The same is true of technology research. Successful outcomes require a comprehensive approach that includes obtaining information about policy decisions being made that can impact the work done in the laboratory.
If you don’t have time to conduct research outside your technical field, get help from someone who can. Contact your corporate or academic librarian … or, lacking such a resource, an independent information professional like Jean Steinhardt Consulting LLC (www.JeanSteinhardtConsulting.com)
Monday, July 5, 2010
Conference Alert: Petrophase 2011
"I'm feeling so good. I feel like a million bucks. I'm focused, I'm alert, I'm zippy and top of my game.. I've never felt better! I'm sharp as a tack right now. And what's weird is that I didn't get a good nights sleep last night. And they say that's the most important thing..Or is it breakfast they said?..That's the most important meal of the day, breakfast...yes. And then it's 'i' before 'e' I know that..Um.. diamonds are a girl's best friend. Dog is a man's best friend.. What was I talking about?..Oh that's right, that I feel great and I'm at the top of my game. And it's odd because I didn't get hardly any sleep last night. And, they say that's the most important thing." Ellen DeGeneres (American Actress and stand-up Comedian, b.1958 New Orleans, Louisiana)
Petrophase 2011 is to be held in London in July of 2011. Each Petrophase conference focuses on issues surrounding the production and processing of heavy oil. To quote from the Petrophase 2010 Web …
“On behalf of the Organizing and Technical Committees, we wish to thank all who attended Petrophase XI. The success of this and future meetings lies with your commitment to communicate your research to the petroleum community. We hope that Petrophase XI met your expectations and that you be able to attend Petrophase XII in London, July 10-14 2011, hosted by Imperial College.
“Energy & Fuels will be publishing a special Petrophase 2010 proceedings volume. Manuscripts for the proceedings need to be submitted by August 15, 2010.
“Petrophase Mission: The meeting offers industry and academia an opportunity to present and discuss the most recent advances relevant to both upstream and downstream. Topics include: petroleum phase behavior, the formation and mitigation of organic solid phases, emulsions and colloids, desalting, and the structure and composition of heavy oils, asphaltenes, and trace contaminants.”
source: http://www.petrophase2010.com/
Mark your calendar.
Petrophase 2011 is to be held in London in July of 2011. Each Petrophase conference focuses on issues surrounding the production and processing of heavy oil. To quote from the Petrophase 2010 Web …
“On behalf of the Organizing and Technical Committees, we wish to thank all who attended Petrophase XI. The success of this and future meetings lies with your commitment to communicate your research to the petroleum community. We hope that Petrophase XI met your expectations and that you be able to attend Petrophase XII in London, July 10-14 2011, hosted by Imperial College.
“Energy & Fuels will be publishing a special Petrophase 2010 proceedings volume. Manuscripts for the proceedings need to be submitted by August 15, 2010.
“Petrophase Mission: The meeting offers industry and academia an opportunity to present and discuss the most recent advances relevant to both upstream and downstream. Topics include: petroleum phase behavior, the formation and mitigation of organic solid phases, emulsions and colloids, desalting, and the structure and composition of heavy oils, asphaltenes, and trace contaminants.”
source: http://www.petrophase2010.com/
Mark your calendar.
Friday, July 2, 2010
Mining for Key Words: Sometimes All You Need Is The Abstract
“One's own self is well hidden from one's own self; of all mines of treasure, one's own is the last to be dug up.” -- Friedrich Nietzsche (German classical Scholar, Philosopher and Critic of culture, 1844-1900.)
Anybody can Google® for a single factoid. To get real value from your efforts on the Web, you need to dig deeper. Here is a specific example of how you can mine the Web for valuable information. Remarkably, it all begins with an abstract that is available at no charge …
///////
Fuel
Volume 86, Issue 9, June 2007, Pages 1216-1231
Special Issue: Mexican Congress on Chemical Reaction Engineering 2006
A review of recent advances on process technologies for upgrading of heavy oils and residua
Mohan S. Ranaa, Vicente Sámanob, Jorge Ancheytaa, , and J.A.I. Diazb
aInstituto Mexicano del Petróleo, Eje Central Lázaro Cárdenas 152, México City D.F. 07730, Mexico
bCentro de Investigación en Ciencia Aplicada y Tecnología Avanzada, Instituto Politécnico Nacional (CICATA-IPN), Mexico
jancheyt@imp.mx
Abstract
The term hydroconversion is used to signify processes by which molecules in petroleum feedstocks are split or saturated with hydrogen gas while tumbling boiling ranges and impurities content from petroleum fractions. Hydroprocessing is a broad term that includes hydrocracking, hydrotreating, and hydrorefining. To meet the gradual changes in petroleum stipulate, in particular a reduced demand for heavy fuel oil, advanced technologies for residue hydroprocessing are now extremely necessary. A refining process is needed for treating heavy petroleum fractions (atmospheric or vacuum oil residue) in the presence of catalysts and hydrogen at high pressure. In this article the different technologies for residua processing: thermal, catalytic fixed and ebullated types of hydroconversion are reviewed and discussed. A possibility of combining the advantages of these technologies together with suitable catalyst with enhanced and controlled cracking activity is also analyzed.
source: http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S001623610600295X
Here are some of the vendors and technologies reviewed in the article ...
HRI-Hydrocarbon Research, Inc.
HTI-Hydrocarbon Technology Inc.
HYCAR-hydrovisbreaking process
HYCON-Shell’s trade mark for a hydroconversion process)
Hyvahl-F (IFP’s trade mark for a fixed bed reactor hydrotreating process)
Hyvahl-M (IFP’s trade mark for a moving bed reactor hydrotreating process)
Hyvahl-S (IFP’s trade mark for a swing reactor hydrotreating process)
MICROCAT (EMRE’s trade mark for a residue hydroconversion process)
NEBULA™-NEw BULk Activity, ExxonMobil
STARS™-Super Type II Active Reaction Sites, Akzo Noble catalyst
Use the vendor names and product names to mine for more information. For example, Google NEBULA™-NEw BULk Activity, ExxonMobil
One result …
Prepr. Pap.-Am. Chem. Soc., Div. Fuel Chem. 2004, 49(2), 507
Advanced Catalyst Technology and Applications for Higher Quality Fuels and Lubes
J. S. Beck, T. F. Degnan, M. C. Kerby, and D. O. Marler
ExxonMobil Process Research Laboratories
Source: http://www.anl.gov/PCS/acsfuel/preprint%20archive/Files/49_2_Philadelphia_10-04_1024.pdf
Continue mining by focusing on authors. For example, a ScienceDirect search for author J.S. Beck yields the following result, among others …
J. S. Beck
Advanced Catalysts and Nanostructured Materials
Modern Synthetic Methods
1996, Pages 1-19
Chapter 1 - Designed Synthesis of Mesoporous Molecular Sieve Systems Using Surfactant-Directing Agents
J.C. Vartuli*, C.T. Kresge†, W.J. Roth†, S.B. McCullen*, J.S. Beck*, K.D. Schmitt*, M.E. Leonowicz†, J.D. Lutner* and E.W. Sheppard*
*Mobil Research and Development Corporation Central Research Laboratory, Princeton, New Jersey 08543, USA
†Paulsboro Research Laboratory Paulsboro, New Jersey 08066, USA
Summary
The use of cationic surfactants as structure-directing agents has resulted in the discovery of M41S, the first, ordered mesoporous molecular sieves [Kresge et al., 1992; Beck et al., 1992]. This new family of materials displays an array of structures that are thermally stable inorganic analogs of organic, lyotropic liquid crystalline phases [Beck et al., 1992; Chen et al., 1993; Monnier et al., 1993; Vartuli et al., 1994]. Furthermore, the chemistry of liquid crystal systems may be adapted in the synthesis of these mesoporous materials to further tailor structure and porosity. Herein we describe the ability of the surfactant molecules to interact with silicate counterions resulting in the formation of organosilicate-surfactant composite arrays that exhibit hexagonal, cubic, or lamellar structures. These composites may be further modified by choice of surfactant and/or auxiliary organics to produce uniform pore systems from 15 to greater than 100 . The final completely inorganic analogs of the liquid crystalline phases are isolated after removal of the organic liquid crystal template by air calcination. This resulting silicate structure, containing numerous silanol moieties, is amenable to a wide range of functionalization studies. The degree of control in tailoring these mesoporous molecular sieves has not been achieved in microporous systems [Davis, 1994].
source: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B869M-4P2K7FS-6&_user=10&_coverDate=06%2F22%2F2007&_alid=1382425483&_rdoc=1&_fmt=high&_orig=search&_cdi=35694&_sort=r&_docanchor=&view=c&_ct=17&_acct=C000050221&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=10&md5=c3b6d8c95455d0c8e1090ca6c762b309
You can keep on going like this for hours. Or, you can delegate this kind of search to an information professional. Contact your corporate or academic librarian for help. Or, lacking access to such a resource, consider contacting an independent information professional like Jean Steinhardt Consulting LLC (www.JeanSteinhardtConsulting.com)
Anybody can Google® for a single factoid. To get real value from your efforts on the Web, you need to dig deeper. Here is a specific example of how you can mine the Web for valuable information. Remarkably, it all begins with an abstract that is available at no charge …
///////
Fuel
Volume 86, Issue 9, June 2007, Pages 1216-1231
Special Issue: Mexican Congress on Chemical Reaction Engineering 2006
A review of recent advances on process technologies for upgrading of heavy oils and residua
Mohan S. Ranaa, Vicente Sámanob, Jorge Ancheytaa, , and J.A.I. Diazb
aInstituto Mexicano del Petróleo, Eje Central Lázaro Cárdenas 152, México City D.F. 07730, Mexico
bCentro de Investigación en Ciencia Aplicada y Tecnología Avanzada, Instituto Politécnico Nacional (CICATA-IPN), Mexico
jancheyt@imp.mx
Abstract
The term hydroconversion is used to signify processes by which molecules in petroleum feedstocks are split or saturated with hydrogen gas while tumbling boiling ranges and impurities content from petroleum fractions. Hydroprocessing is a broad term that includes hydrocracking, hydrotreating, and hydrorefining. To meet the gradual changes in petroleum stipulate, in particular a reduced demand for heavy fuel oil, advanced technologies for residue hydroprocessing are now extremely necessary. A refining process is needed for treating heavy petroleum fractions (atmospheric or vacuum oil residue) in the presence of catalysts and hydrogen at high pressure. In this article the different technologies for residua processing: thermal, catalytic fixed and ebullated types of hydroconversion are reviewed and discussed. A possibility of combining the advantages of these technologies together with suitable catalyst with enhanced and controlled cracking activity is also analyzed.
source: http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S001623610600295X
Here are some of the vendors and technologies reviewed in the article ...
HRI-Hydrocarbon Research, Inc.
HTI-Hydrocarbon Technology Inc.
HYCAR-hydrovisbreaking process
HYCON-Shell’s trade mark for a hydroconversion process)
Hyvahl-F (IFP’s trade mark for a fixed bed reactor hydrotreating process)
Hyvahl-M (IFP’s trade mark for a moving bed reactor hydrotreating process)
Hyvahl-S (IFP’s trade mark for a swing reactor hydrotreating process)
MICROCAT (EMRE’s trade mark for a residue hydroconversion process)
NEBULA™-NEw BULk Activity, ExxonMobil
STARS™-Super Type II Active Reaction Sites, Akzo Noble catalyst
Use the vendor names and product names to mine for more information. For example, Google NEBULA™-NEw BULk Activity, ExxonMobil
One result …
Prepr. Pap.-Am. Chem. Soc., Div. Fuel Chem. 2004, 49(2), 507
Advanced Catalyst Technology and Applications for Higher Quality Fuels and Lubes
J. S. Beck, T. F. Degnan, M. C. Kerby, and D. O. Marler
ExxonMobil Process Research Laboratories
Source: http://www.anl.gov/PCS/acsfuel/preprint%20archive/Files/49_2_Philadelphia_10-04_1024.pdf
Continue mining by focusing on authors. For example, a ScienceDirect search for author J.S. Beck yields the following result, among others …
J. S. Beck
Advanced Catalysts and Nanostructured Materials
Modern Synthetic Methods
1996, Pages 1-19
Chapter 1 - Designed Synthesis of Mesoporous Molecular Sieve Systems Using Surfactant-Directing Agents
J.C. Vartuli*, C.T. Kresge†, W.J. Roth†, S.B. McCullen*, J.S. Beck*, K.D. Schmitt*, M.E. Leonowicz†, J.D. Lutner* and E.W. Sheppard*
*Mobil Research and Development Corporation Central Research Laboratory, Princeton, New Jersey 08543, USA
†Paulsboro Research Laboratory Paulsboro, New Jersey 08066, USA
Summary
The use of cationic surfactants as structure-directing agents has resulted in the discovery of M41S, the first, ordered mesoporous molecular sieves [Kresge et al., 1992; Beck et al., 1992]. This new family of materials displays an array of structures that are thermally stable inorganic analogs of organic, lyotropic liquid crystalline phases [Beck et al., 1992; Chen et al., 1993; Monnier et al., 1993; Vartuli et al., 1994]. Furthermore, the chemistry of liquid crystal systems may be adapted in the synthesis of these mesoporous materials to further tailor structure and porosity. Herein we describe the ability of the surfactant molecules to interact with silicate counterions resulting in the formation of organosilicate-surfactant composite arrays that exhibit hexagonal, cubic, or lamellar structures. These composites may be further modified by choice of surfactant and/or auxiliary organics to produce uniform pore systems from 15 to greater than 100 . The final completely inorganic analogs of the liquid crystalline phases are isolated after removal of the organic liquid crystal template by air calcination. This resulting silicate structure, containing numerous silanol moieties, is amenable to a wide range of functionalization studies. The degree of control in tailoring these mesoporous molecular sieves has not been achieved in microporous systems [Davis, 1994].
source: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B869M-4P2K7FS-6&_user=10&_coverDate=06%2F22%2F2007&_alid=1382425483&_rdoc=1&_fmt=high&_orig=search&_cdi=35694&_sort=r&_docanchor=&view=c&_ct=17&_acct=C000050221&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=10&md5=c3b6d8c95455d0c8e1090ca6c762b309
You can keep on going like this for hours. Or, you can delegate this kind of search to an information professional. Contact your corporate or academic librarian for help. Or, lacking access to such a resource, consider contacting an independent information professional like Jean Steinhardt Consulting LLC (www.JeanSteinhardtConsulting.com)
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