A Few More Ionic Liquids

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“I think it's liquid aggravation that circulates through his veins, and not regular blood” -- Charles Dickens (English novelist, 1812-1870)

Here are four more articles on ionic liquids, all available on the Web at no charge …

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Separation and Purification Technology (2012)
Preparation and characterization of ionic liquid polymer microspheres [PEEKWC/DMF/CYPHOS IL 101] using the phase-inversion technique
D. Shanthana Lakshmi a, A. Figoli a,⇑, G. Fiorani b, M. Carraro b, L. Giorno a, E. Drioli a
a Institute on Membrane Technology (ITM-CNR), c/o University of Calabria, Via P. Bucci, 17/c, I-87030 Rende, CS, Italy
b ITM CNR, Section of Padova and Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Padova, via Marzolo, 1, 35131 Padova, Italy
Abstract
The membrane process concept coupled with phase inversion technique has been successfully applied for the first time for the preparation of ionic liquid (IL) encapsulated microspheres using polyetheretherketone with card group (PEEKWC), trihexyl(tetradecyl)phosphonium chloride[CYPHOS IL 101] in N,Ndimethylformamide (DMF) as dispersing phase and dodecane, ethanol and water as continuous phases. The technique yields porous, spongy, spheres with smooth surface and diameter around 1000 lm, with morphology and chemical composition strongly affected by preparative conditions. IL loading capacity and subsequent surface topography has been investigated using optical microscopy, FT-IR, SEM, EDX, TGA and SDT.
Free Full Text Source: http://www.researchgate.net/publication/221966813_Preparation_and_characterization_of_ionic_liquid_polymer_microspheres_PEEKWCDMFCYPHOS_IL_101_using_the_phase-inversion_techniqueD._Shanthana_Lakshmi_a_A._Figoli_a_G._Fiorani_b_M._Carraro_b_L._Giorno_a_E._Drioli_a/file/f2faf4f75700495fb6.pdf

International Workshop on Ionic Liquids– Seeds for New Engineering Applications, 2-3 February 2012, Lisbon, Portugal
Ionic Liquids As Thermal Fluids: Feasibility Study Of Itsapplication On A Heat Exchanger Of A Plastic Production Machine
T.I.L. Antunes 1, L.M.L. Mendes 1, C. A. Nieto de Castro 2,3 and V. M. B. Nunes 1,3*
valentim@ipt.pt
1 Escola Superior de Tecnologia, Instituto Politécnico de Tomar, Campus da Quinta doContador, 2300-313 Tomar, Portugal
2 Departamento de Química e Bioquímica Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade deLisboa, Campo Grande, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal
3 Centro de Ciências Moleculares e Materiais, Faculdade de Ciências - Universidade deLisboa, Campo Grande, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal*
Introduction:
Authors evaluate the viability of replacing the conventional thermal oil used in a heat exchanger of a plastic production machine, by an ionic liquid of known properties. Thermal fluids have many industrial applications covering all aspects from unit operations to chemical processes.
Free Full Text Source: http://scholar.googleusercontent.com/scholar?q=cache:cHJLqtoMwzYJ:scholar.google.com/+%22ionic+liquids%22++AND+(refinery+OR+refining+OR+hydrocarbon+OR+petroleum+OR+oil)&hl=en&as_sdt=0,14&as_ylo=2012&as_yhi=2012

PATENT
Process For Removing Metals From Hydrocarbons
Pub. No.:    WO/2012/046057   
International Application No.:    PCT/GB2011/051906
Publication Date:  12.04.2012
Applicants: 
The Queen's University Of Belfast [GB/GB]; University Road Belfast Antrim BT7 1NN (GB)
Inventors: 
ABAI, Mahpuzah; (GB).
ATKINS, Martin Philip; (GB).
CHEUN, Kuah Yong; (GB).
HOLBREY, John; (GB).
NOCKEMANN, Peter; (GB).
SEDDON, Ken; (GB).
SRINIVASAN, Geetha; (GB).
ZOU, Yiran; (GB) 
Abstract:  
The present invention relates to a process for the removal of mercury from a mercury- containing hydrocarbon fluid feed using specifically selected ionic liquids comprising, contacting the mercury-containing hydrocarbon fluid feed with an ionic liquid having the formula[Cat+][M+][X-] and separating from the ionic liquid a hydrocarbon fluid product having a reduced mercury content compared to the mercury-containing fluid feed.
Free Full Text Source: http://patentscope.wipo.int/search/en/WO2012046057

Bull. Korean Chem. Soc. 2012, Vol. 33, No. 7 2325
Equimolar Carbon Dioxide Absorption by Ether Functionalized Imidazolium Ionic Liquids
Pankaj Sharma, Sang Do Park,† Ki Tae Park, Soon Kwan Jeong, Sung Chan Nam, and Il Hyun Baek*
ihbaek@kier.re.kr
Greenhouse Gas Research Center, Korea Institute of Energy Research.
†Korea Carbon Dioxide Capture & Sequestration R&D Center, Daejeon 305-343, Korea
Abstract
A series [C3Omim][X] of imidazolium cation-based ILs, with ether functional group on the alkyl side-chain were synthesized and structure of the materials were confirmed by various techniques like 1H, 13C NMR spectroscopy, MS-ESI, FTIR spectroscopy and EA. More specifically, the influence of changing the anion with same cation is carried out. The absorption capacity of CO2 for ILs were evaluated at 30 and 50 ºC at ambient pressure (0-1.6 bar). Ether functionalized ILs shows significantly high absorption capacity for CO2. In general, the CO2 absorption capacity of ILs increased with a rise in pressure and decreased when temperature was raised. The obtained results showed that absorption capacity reached about 0.9 mol CO2 per mol of IL at 30 ºC. The most probable mechanism of interaction of CO2 with ILs were investigated using FTIR spectroscopy, 13C NMR spectroscopy and result shows that the absorption of CO2 in ether functionalized ILs is a chemical process. The CO2 absorption results and detailed study indicates the predominance of 1:1 mechanism, where the CO2 reacts with one IL to form a carbamic acid. The CO2 absorption capacity of ILs for different anions follows the trend: BF4 < DCA < PF6 < TfO < Tf2N. Moreover, the as-synthesized ILs is selective, thermally stable, long life operational and can be recycled at a temperature of 70 ºC or under vacuum and can be used repeatedly.
Free Full Text Source: http://newjournal.kcsnet.or.kr/main/j_search/j_download.htm?code=B120737

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Intelligent Googling

“I was so naive as a kid I used to sneak behind the barn and do nothing.” -- Johnny Carson (American TV Host, 1925-2005)

The September 2012 edition of Hydrocarbon Engineering (HE) magazine has a couple of articles on heavy crude that look interesting.  Unfortunately, if you do not subscribe to the magazine, you will not be able to read the articles.  They appear nowhere else online.

However, by intelligent Googling you can sneak a peek at the likely content of the articles.

One of the HE articles of interest is …

ASSAULT ON SALT (In: Hydrocarbon Engineering, September 2012)
Simon Cornelius, Dan Jackson and Doug Longtin, Baker Hughes Incorporated, USA, examine the challenges associated with desalting heavy crudes.

TODAY’S SEARCH TIP:
Google© baker hughes heavy crude

On the first page of results you will have access to the full text of two relevant articles.

Fine-tune processing heavy crudes in your facility (In: Hydrocarbon Processing Magazine, 2010)
Source: http://c14503045.r45.cf2.rackcdn.com/v1/dc9416ab905ff4f70a3a8b7117eaa5e5/hp-sep-2010-field-asit-services.pdf

An Integrated Solution Enabling Allocation of Heavy Oil in the Peregrino Field (Offshore Technology Conference, Houston, Texas, 2–5 May 2011)
Source: http://public.bakerhughes.com/otc2011/presskit/Papers/An%20Integrated%20Solution%20Enabling%20Allocation%20of%20Heavy%20Oil%20in%20the%20Peregrino%20Field.pdf

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APPLY THE SAME TECHNIQUE TO THE OTHER HE ARTICLE OF NOTE.

STRIKE A BALANCE (In: Hydrocarbon Engineering, September 2012)
Brad Mason and Sam Lordo, Nalco, USA, examine the best practices for desalting, which can be used as the first line of defence for refineries processing heavy crudes.

Google© nalco heavy crude

Again, on the first page of results you will find a link to the full text of a related article.

Achieving sustainable, optimal SAGD operations (In: Journal of Petroleum Technology, 2010)
Source: http://www.nalco.com/documents/Published-Articles/R-1007_-_Achieving_Sustainable_Optimal_SAGD_Operations.pdf

Work smarder, not harder.  Google© intelligently.
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Follow MAN Diesel & Turbo

“Right or wrong, the customer is always right.” -- Marshall Field (American department-store owner 1834-1906)

TIP: Follow MAN & Turbo's DieselFacts

DieselFacts is MAN Diesel & Turbo's technical customer magazine. DieselFacts online contains current and previous editions with extra material, including video clips.
http://mandieselturbo.com/0000665/Press/Publications/DieselFacts.html

[ SAMPLE ARTICLE EXCERPT ]
DieselFacts 2/2012
Tier III Selective Catalytic Reduction
Development of large two-stroke diesel engines
[ EXCERPT ]
With a view to meeting the NOx Tier III regulations due to take effect in 2016, Hitachi Zosen is developing an SCR (Selective Catalytic Reduction) system for low-speed diesel engines in cooperation with MAN Diesel & Turbo. To this end, a prototype was recently fitted to an MAN B&W 6S46MC-C engine aboard a general cargo newbuilding for Nissho Shipping.
NOx regulation
The regulation of air pollution stemming directly from diesel engines is among the IMO regulations covering hazardous waste from ships. The first NOx regulation was introduced in 2000 (Tier I), with Tier II coming into force in 2011 and Tier III in 2016. As such, Tier III represents an 80% reduction in NOx compared with Tier I. While it was possible to meet Tier II limits through engine adjustments alone, meeting Tier III makes it necessary to introduce external techniques. It is mandatory to observe the new NOx regulations, and any negative effect on fuel consumption and running costs is a major concern for ship operators.
De-NOx technology for Tier III
Realistically, SCR and EGR (Exhaust Gas Recirculation) are the two main techniques that can help engines meet Tier III NOx regulations, based on the service experience from power plants and cars, respectively.
Hitachi Zosen and MAN Diesel & Turbo agreed to develop an SCR system for two-stroke engines located before the turbocharger. Hitachi Zosen chose SCR as its NOx-reduction method because: it is possible to make a compact system using high-temperature and high-pressure gas, and de-NOx efficiency is improved
it is possible to maintain the engine’s running performance whether the SCR system is running or not and with no harm to the engine Hitachi Zosen is a total solution provider of marine SCR systems.
SCR system for marine diesel engines
There are two solutions for a marine SCR system. One is a lowpressure system, installed downstream of the turbocharger. The other is a high-pressure system, installed upstream of the turbocharger and which Hitachi Zosen has concentrated on.
High-pressure SCR system
A diesel engine emits nitrogen oxides and dioxides. When a urea solution is injected into the duct upstream of the reactor, it is then converted into ammonia. Subsequently, NOx reacts with the ammonia in the catalyst in the HPSCR reactor and is converted into nitrogen and water with the clean gas then flowing into the turbocharger. Hitachi Zosen provides the optimised control system of urea solution injection.
Two SCR on/off valves and an SCR bypass valve control the smooth flow of flue gas into the SCR system, using a sequence that is programmed by MAN Diesel & Turbo.
NOx removal catalyst
The Hitachi Zosen catalyst has a characteristic triangular configuration and its wall also has a lot of fibre matrix reinforcement. It is therefore very tough and resistant to engine vibration despite being quite thin.
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Drill Down, Baby, Drill Down …

“The key to being a good manager is keeping the people who hate me away from those who are still undecided.” -- Casey Stengel (American Baseball Player and Manager, 1891-1975)

Managers love to talk about “drilling down” into the data.  Here’s an example of applying that concept to Google® Scholar.

Pretend that we want to know what technologies Exxonmobil has been pursuing.  Entering the simple search string Exxonmobil yields around 44,000 hits.

But we are primarily interested in recent Exxonmobil activity.  We drill down by clicking the Advanced Scholar Search button.

A search form pops up which allows us to restrict the search to items no older than 2011.

The result is a list with around 6,000 results.  But we want to focus on Exxonmobil’s recent desulfurization activities.  So we drill down further.

Back at the Advanced Scholar Search form, we add the following key words …

Sulfur desulfurization biodesulfurization electrodesulfurization

Now we’re down to about 1,000 on the hit list.  We are cooking, as my grandmother used to say, with gas.

Drill down, baby!

Training Alert: Hydrocracking in London

“When a man is tired of London, he is tired of life; for there is in London all that life can afford.” -- Samuel Johnson (English Poet, Critic and Writer. 1709-1784)

This just in … Well, actually, I just noticed it in my inbox … The Global Technology Forum’s Autumn Series – Hydrocracking in Central London 18 – 20 September 2012.

You may not be able to attend this event on such short notice.  But here’s a tip …

CONFERENCE TIP: bookmark the GTF Web (www.gtforum.com) and visit it periodically to see which of their events you  might want to attend.

ANOTHER CONFERENCE TIP: add your name to their email list … they will notify you of upcoming events and you won’t have to remember to visit their Web

Here are some details on the HYDROCRACKING event …
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GTF has developed a three-day course that will leave delegates with a solid understanding of the key elements associated with the design, operation and troubleshooting of Hydrocracking units. This will include the impact of feed quality, catalyst, operating condition and process configuration on product qualities. In addition the course provides some very practical insights into troubleshooting, optimisation and safe operation. 

Below are the key reasons why you should attend this valuable event:

1)    Hear from world leading experts from Chevron
2)    Learn about best practices in all aspects of hydrocracking
3)    Come and attend a comprehensive learning experience at a 4* location in London
4)    Receive comprehensive course materials to take away with you
5)    Be presented with a GTF Autumn Series course certificate

Click here to view the full course programme: http://email.gtforum.com/c/1oZq4b3mj8PGJvR2mRnkL2PL1F

If we receive your registration by Friday 17 August 2012 then you can SAVE £300 off the course price!

To register please:
Visit: www.gtforum.com/autumnseries  
Email: antoinette.bakke@incisivemedia.com
Call: +44 (0) 207 968 4553
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Another Reason to Use Delicious

“After all these years I see that I was mistaken about Eve in the beginning; it is better to live outside the Garden with her than inside it without her.” -- Mark Twain (American Humorist, Writer and Lecturer. 1835-1910)

I recently changed computers and was sure that I had thought of everything I had to save from my old computer to transfer to the new one.

I was mistaken.  I forgot to save my bookmarks.

Fortunately, I had added the bookmarks to my Delicious (www.delicious.com) social bookmarking account.  All I had to do was to export the bookmarks from Delicious, then import them to my new computer via my browser.

TIP: to export links from Delicious …
Log in and head to your "Settings" page, found by mousing over the "Profile" button on the top right of Delicious. There you'll find options to both import and export your links or browser bookmarks.

Bonus TIP: Visit my Delicious desulfurization bookmarks.
The easiest way to do so is to visit www.delicious.com and search for desulfurization.

A FEW RECENT DESULFURIZATION ARTICLES

“Human beings, who are almost unique in having the ability to learn from the experience of others, are also remarkable for their apparent disinclination to do so.” -- Douglas Adams (British comic Writer, 1952-2001)

As commercial as the Web has become, it’s remarkable that you can still find high quality articles for free.  Here are a few recent examples …

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A FEW RECENT DESULFURIZATION ARTICLES
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Desalination and Water Treatment, Volume 37, Issue 1-3, 2012, pages 337-349
Flue gas desulfurization and humidification dehumidification in power plants
R.S. Ettouney a*, N.A. Fawzi b, M.A. El-Rifai a & H.M. Ettouney b
a Chemical Engineering Department, Cairo University, Egypt
b Chemical Engineering Department, Kuwait University, Kuwait
Authors present performance evaluation for flue gas desulfurization (FGD), humidification and dehumidification desalination (HDD) of flue gases emitted from power plants. They propose a system based on use of seawater for SO2 absorption and removal from the flue gases.
Free Full Text Source: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/19443994.2012.661290

Energy Procedia, Volume 14, 2012, Pages 1665–1670
2011 2nd International Conference on Advances in Energy Engineering (ICAEE)
Experimental Study on Fast Suspension Bed Flue Gas Desulfurization
Xiaoping Zhang a, Naihu a Wang b
wnh@sdu.edu.cn
a Department of Science, Shandong Jianzhu University, Fengming Road, Jinan 250101, China
b Institute of Thermal Science, Shandong University, Jingshi Road, Jinan 250061, China
Authors develop a fast suspension bed (FSB) FGD scrubber intended to produce removal efficiency as high as those of wet scrubber with effective cost. The FSB scrubber can enhance both gas-liquid and gas-solid reaction with an innovative flue gas distribution apparatus.
Free Full Text Source: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1876610211045693

Journal of the Chinese Chemical Society, Volume 59, Issue 3, pages 324–330, March 2012
Special Issue: Dedicated to the Memory of Professor Yung-Son Hon (1955-2011)
Deep Desulfurization of Light Oil through Extraction and Oxidation Processes using H2O2/Tungstophosphoric Acid in Room-temperature Ionic Liquids
Li-Lin Chuang 1, Jung-Fu Huang 1, Wen-Hen Lo 2, Guor-Tzo Wei 1
chegtw@ccu.edu.tw
1 Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, National Chung Cheng University, Ming-Hsiung, Chia-Yi, 62102 Taiwan
2 CPC Refining & Manufacturing Center, Chia-Yi, 60036, Taiwan
Researchers used room-temperature ionic liquids (RTILs) as solvents to combine solvent extraction and chemical oxidation processes in one-pot operation for the desulfurization of fuel oil. In this solvent extraction and chemical oxidation desulfurization (SECOD), RTILs as media are immiscible with oil; sulfur compounds in oil are extracted into RTILs and oxidized thereafter to the corresponding sulfones by H2O2/TPA (tungstophosphoric acid).
Free Full Text Source: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/jccs.201100672/abstract

Journal Advanced Materials Research (Volumes 347 - 353), Pages 3357-3360 (2012)
Initial Study of a Photocatalytic Process for Flue Gas Desulfurization
Xiu Lan Song, Wei Feng Yao, Yi Ping Wu
Researchers developed a photocatalytic process combined with ammonia-water method for flue gas desulfurization. With the photocatalytic technology they solve the problem of SO2 emissions.
Full Text Source (Subscription or Fee): http://www.scientific.net/AMR.347-353.3357

Energy Procedia, Volume 14, 2012, Pages 1659–1664
2011 2nd International Conference on Advances in Energy Engineering (ICAEE)
Effect of Humidification Water on Semi-dry Flue Gas Desulfurization
Xiaoping Zhang a, Naihua Wang b
wnh@sdu.edu.cn 
a Department of Science, Shandong Jianzhu University, Fengming Road, Jinan 250101, China
b Institute of Thermal Science, Shandong University, Jingshi Road, Jinan 250061, China
Introduction
This paper reports the effect of humidification water parameters (ratio of humidification water to total water, location of humidification water) on semi-dry flue gas desulfurization removal efficiency based on experimental results.
Free Full Text Source: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1876610211045681

China Petroleum Processing and Petrochemical Technology, 2012,Vol. 14, No. 1, pp 25-31
Catalytic Oxidative Desulfurization of Gasoline Using Vanadium (V)-substituted Polyoxometalate/H2O2 /Ionic Liquid Emulsion System
Ge Jianhua 1; Zhou Yuming 1; Yang Yong 1; Xue Mengwei 1, 2
ymzhou@seu.edu.cn
1. School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 211189;
2. Biochemical and Environmental Engineering College, Nanjing Xiaozhuang University, Nanjing 211171)
It is difficult to remove refractory sulfur compounds such as benzothiophene (BT), dibenzothiophene (DBT) and its derivatives by means of conventional hydrodesulfurization (HDS) process. Severe operating conditions including high temperature, high pressure, highly-active catalysts and high hydrogen consumption, are required to achieve deep desulfurization of gasoline. Alternative desulfurization processes, such as extractive desulfurization, selective adsorption desulfurization, biodesulfurization, and oxidative desulfurization, have been attracting the attention of a growing number of researchers.
Free Full Text Source: http://www.chinarefining.com/CN/article/downloadArticleFile.do?attachType=PDF&id=97