This blog focuses on desulfurization. But that focus is just a pretext for a
more important effort … the effort to improve our ability to find useful
technology information on the Web.
To that end, this post presents both a particular free full text article on dibenzothiophene,
and tips on how to find open access articles on desulfurization in particular,
and technology in general.
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"This is a very exciting time in
scholarly publishing. Now that the “fight” for open access has more or less
been won, we are able to move beyond open access and work to create a new
ecosystem and infrastructure for scholarly publications and
communications."
Dr. Caroline Sutton, Co-Founder of Co-Action Publishing and Director at
Infrastructure Services for Open Access (IS4OA), on open access publishing
becoming more established and her plans for expanding its reach.
source: https://www.editage.com/insights/he-said-she-said-10-great-quotes-from-experts-in-scholarly-publishing-in-2014
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Here is a recent Open Access article …
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RSC Advances, Issue 18, 2019, Issue in
Progress
Hydrodesulfurization of dibenzothiophene using Pd-promoted Co–Mo/Al2O3 and Ni–Mo/Al2O3
catalysts coupled with ionic liquids at ambient operating conditions
Yaseen Muhammad,ab Ata Ur
Rahman,b Haroon Ur Rashid,a Maria Sahibzada,c Sidra Subhanab and
Zhangfa Tong*a
Author affiliations
* Corresponding authors
a School of Chemistry and Chemical
Engineering, Key Laboratory of Petrochemical Resource Processing and Process
Intensification Technology, Guangxi University, P. R. China
E-mail: zhftong@sina.com
b Institute of Chemical Sciences,
University of Peshawar, Peshawar, Pakistan
c Department of Chemistry, Umea
University, Umea, Sweden
Abstract
Sulfur compounds in fuel oils are a major source of atmospheric pollution. This
study is focused on the hydrodesulfurization (HDS) of dibenzothiophene (DBT)
via the coupled application of 0.5 wt% Pd-loaded Co–Mo/Al2O3 and Ni–Mo/Al2O3
catalysts with ionic liquids (ILs) at ambient temperature (120 °C) and pressure
(1 MPa H2). The enhanced HDS activity of the solid catalysts coupled with
[BMIM]BF4, [(CH3)4N]Cl, [EMIM]AlCl4, and [(n-C8H17)(C4H9)3P]Br was credited to
the synergism between hydrogenation by the former and extractive
desulfurization and better H2 transport by the latter, which was confirmed by
DFT simulation. The Pd-loaded catalysts ranked highest by activity i.e.
Pd–Ni–Mo/Al2O3 > Pd–Co–Mo/Al2O3 > Ni–Mo/Al2O3 > Co–Mo/Al2O3. With mild
experimental conditions of 1 MPa H2 pressure and 120 °C temperature and an
oil : IL ratio of 10 : 3.3, DBT conversion was enhanced from 21% (by blank
Ni–Mo/Al2O3) to 70% by Pd–Ni–Mo/Al2O3 coupled with [(n-C8H17)(C4H9)3P]Br. The
interaction of polarizable delocalized bonds (in DBT) and van der Waals forces
influenced the higher solubility in ILs and hence led to higher DBT conversion.
The IL was recycled four times with minimal loss of activity. Fresh and spent
catalysts were characterized by FESEM, ICP-MS, EDX, XRD, XPS and BET surface
area techniques. GC-MS analysis revealed biphenyl as the major HDS product.
This study presents a considerable advance to the classical HDS processes in
terms of mild operating conditions, cost-effectiveness, and simplified
mechanization, and hence can be envisaged as an alternative approach for fuel
oil processing.
Graphical abstract: Hydrodesulfurization of dibenzothiophene using Pd-promoted
Co–Mo/Al2O3 and Ni–Mo/Al2O3 catalysts coupled with ionic liquids at ambient
operating conditions
1. Introduction
Organosulfur compounds leading to the production of deleterious and hazardous
sulfur oxides, i.e. SOx, from the combustion of fuel oils has led to the
permissible limits of sulfur becoming much more stringent over the years.1
Among the many desulfurization approaches, such as oxidative desulfurization,2
biodesulfurization3 and extractive desulfurization,4 hydrodesulfurization (HDS)
ranks higher, attributed to its diverse nature, high practicability and
efficiency.5 HDS generally utilizes a Co or Ni sulfide phase added to Mo
impregnated over Al2O3-supported catalysts.6–8 Furthermore, incorporation of a
third promoter metal, i.e. Pt, Pd, and Ir, can further enhance the HDS activity
of classical catalysts.5,9,10 Despite its efficient and versatile nature, HDS
suffers from complex mechanization, poor safety and harsh temperature (380–400
°C) and pressure (8 MPa) operating conditions.11–13 Similarly, expensive
catalytic promoters like Pt, Pd, and Ir further add to the uncontrolled process
costs. Thus, an HDS process operated at mild temperature and pressure over a
low-cost catalyst without compromising on the process efficiency could offer an
alternative route for fuel oil processing.
Apart from HDS, a newer approach to fuel oil desulfurization research is
extraction using ionic liquids (ILs).14,15 Aspects such as ease of synthesis,
high recycling ability, low volatility, high thermal stability and
environmental friendliness are credited for the widespread application of
ILs.16 However, few studies on the integrated application of ILs with solid
catalysts have been reported in hydrogenation reactions,17 which emphasizes
that ILs coupled with solid catalysts should be tested for HDS of fuel oils.
In previous work, we reported 52% dibenzothiophene (DBT) conversion in a HDS
process with a mild operating temperature and pressure by the coupled
application of selected ILs with Ce–Ni–Mo/Al2O3 catalysts.18 However, to
further improve the efficiency of solid catalyst-coupled ILs HDS processes,
more exploration is required for new types of catalysts and ILs.
Pd has been reported as a more promising promoter for classical HDS catalysts
than many of its counterparts, e.g. Ir and Ru.19,20 However, to our knowledge,
no studies on the HDS of DBT coupled with ILs using Pd-promoted Co–Mo/Al2O3 and
Ni–Mo/Al2O3 catalysts at mild operating conditions have been reported so far.
Extractive desulfurization by ILs can augment the hydrogenation by solid
catalysts in their blended application at mild operating conditions. Low Pd
loading and mild operating conditions can concomitantly lead to
cost-effectiveness and process safety. Thus, in this work, HDS of DBT was
performed at 120 °C temperature and 1 MPa H2 pressure over low (0.5 wt%)
Pd-loaded Co–Mo/Al2O3 and Ni–Mo/Al2O3 sulfide phase catalysts coupled with
selected ILs. The fresh and spent catalysts were characterized by X-ray
photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), field emission scanning electron microscopy
(FESEM), inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS), energy
dispersive X-ray (EDX), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and BET surface area
techniques. The reaction products were quantitatively and qualitatively
analyzed via high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) and gas chromatography
coupled with mass spectrometry (GC-MS), respectively, and a suitable reaction
mechanism was proposed.
Read the free full text source: https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlelanding/2019/ra/c9ra00095j#!divAbstract
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TIP:
Google® open access journals to find useful information on how to find and
browse free full text technology literature. Browse the following to understand
the philosophy and publishing mechanisms behind open access. For example …
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FROM WIKIPEDIA
Open access (OA) is a mechanism by which
research outputs are distributed online, free of cost or other barriers, and,
in its most precise meaning, with the addition of an open license applied to
promote reuse.
Academic articles (as historically seen in print-based academic journals) have
been the main focus of the movement. Conventional (non-open access) journals
cover publishing costs through access tolls such as subscriptions, site
licenses or pay-per-view charges. Open access can be applied to all forms of
published research output, including peer-reviewed and non peer-reviewed
academic journal articles, conference papers, theses, book chapters, and
monographs.
Open access research does not require payment to access articles, and is
instead funded through other means. The main routes to open access are:
Open access journals ('gold' open access): The publisher of the journal makes
all articles and related content available for free on the journal's website.
Hybrid open access journals:[21] partially funded by subscriptions, and only
provide open access for those individual articles for which the authors (or
research sponsor) pay a publication fee[22]
Self-archiving ('green' open access): After peer review by a journal, the
author posts the same content the journal will be publishing to a website
controlled by the author, the research institution that funded or hosted the
work, or which has been set up as a central open access repository.
Advantages and disadvantages of open access have generated considerable
discussion amongst researchers, academics, librarians, university
administrators, funding agencies, government officials, commercial publishers,
editorial staff and society publishers. Reactions of existing publishers to
open access journal publishing have ranged from moving with enthusiasm to a new
open access business model, to experiments with providing as much free or open
access as possible, to active lobbying against open access proposals. There are
many publishers that started up as open access-only publishers, such as PLOS,
Hindawi Publishing Corporation, Frontiers in... journals, MDPI and BioMed
Central.
Visit https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_access
to read the full text of this instructive article.
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Learn more about Open Access from the following …
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SPARC (the
Scholarly Publishing and Academic Resources Coalition) works to enable
the open sharing of research outputs and educational materials in order to
democratize access to knowledge, accelerate discovery, and increase the return
on our investment in research and education. As a catalyst for action, SPARC
focuses on collaborating with other stakeholders—including authors, publishers,
libraries, students, funders, policymakers and the public—to build on the
opportunities created by the Internet, promoting changes to both infrastructure
and culture needed to make open the default for research and education.
The key to SPARC’s success is the commitment of our members to support and
shape our initiatives. Our 200+ members are primarily academic and research
libraries located in the U.S. and Canada, who use the resources and support provided
by SPARC to actively promote Open Access to scholarly articles, the open
sharing of research data, and the creation and adoption of Open Educational
Resources on their campuses.
Research provides the foundation of modern society. Research leads to breakthroughs,
and communicating the results of research is what allows us to turn
breakthroughs into better lives—to provide new treatments for disease, to
implement solutions for challenges like global warming, and to build entire
industries around what were once just ideas.
However, our current system for communicating research is crippled by a
centuries old model that hasn’t been updated to take advantage of 21st century
technology:
1. Governments provide most of the funding for research—hundreds of billions of
dollars annually—and public institutions employ a large portion of all
researchers.
2. Researchers publish their findings without the expectation of compensation.
Unlike other authors, they hand their work over to publishers without payment,
in the interest of advancing human knowledge.
3. Through the process of peer review, researchers review each other’s work for
free.
4. Once published, those that contributed to the research (from taxpayers to
the institutions that supported the research itself) have to pay again to
access the findings. Though research is produced as a public good, it isn’t
available to the public who paid for it.
Our current system for communicating research uses a print-based model in the
digital age. Even though research is largely produced with public dollars by
researchers who share it freely, the results are hidden behind technical,
legal, and financial barriers. These artificial barriers are maintained by
legacy publishers and restrict access to a small fraction of users, locking out
most of the world’s population and preventing the use of new research
techniques.
This fundamental mismatch between what is possible with digital technology—an
open system for communicating research results in which anyone, anywhere can
contribute—and our outdated publishing system has led to the call for Open
Access.
Open Access is the free, immediate, online availability of research articles
combined with the rights to use these articles fully in the digital
environment. Open Access is the needed modern update for the communication of
research that fully utilizes the Internet for what it was originally built to
do—accelerate research.
Read more at: https://sparcopen.org/open-access/
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Another article you might want to peruse is …
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Why Open Access Matters
Most publishers own the
rights to the articles in their journals. Anyone who wants to read the articles
must pay to access them. Anyone who wants to use the articles in any way must
obtain permission from the publisher and is often required to pay an additional
fee.
Although many researchers can access the journals they need via their
institution and think that access is free, in reality it is not. The
institution has often been involved in lengthy negotiations around the price of
their site license and reuse of this content is limited.
Paying for access to journals makes sense in the world of print publishing,
where providing articles to each reader requires the production of physical
copies of articles, but in the online world, with distribution as wide as the
internet's reach, it makes much less sense.
How It Works at PLOS
PLOS applies the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license to works we
publish. This license was developed to facilitate Open Access—namely, free
immediate access to, and unrestricted reuse of, original works of all types.
Under this license, authors agree to make articles legally available for reuse,
without permission or fees, for virtually any purpose. Anyone may copy,
distribute or reuse these articles, as long as the author and original source
are properly cited. Additionally, the journal platform that PLOS uses to
publish research articles is Open Source.
source: https://www.plos.org/open-access
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OK, so if you want to browse Open Access Journals, how do you find them? Here
are a couple of resources …
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DOAJ (Directory of Open Access Journals)
DOAJ is a
community-curated online directory that indexes and provides access to high
quality, open access, peer-reviewedjournals. DOAJ is independent. All funding
is via donations, 40% of which comes from sponsors and 60% from members
andpublisher members. All DOAJ services are free of charge including being
indexed in DOAJ. All data is freely available.
DOAJ operates an education and outreach program across the globe, focussing on
improving the quality of applications submitted.
source: https://doaj.org/
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Open Access Directory
The Open Access Directory
(OAD) is a compendium of simple factual lists about open access (OA) to science
and scholarship, maintained by the OA community at large. By bringing many
OA-related lists together in one place, OAD makes it easier for everyone to
discover them, use them for reference, and update them. The easier they are to
maintain and discover, the more effectively they can spread useful, accurate
information about OA. To see what we have, browse the table of contents below,
browse the table of categories, or use the search box in near the upper right
corner. To help the cause, just register and start editing. If you have any
questions, see our help section or drop us a line.
OAD is a wiki and we count on our users to keep these lists accurate,
comprehensive, and up to date. Our goal is for the OA community itself to
maintain the lists with little intervention from the editors or editorial
board. We welcome your contributions to the lists, ideas for new lists, and
comments to help us improve. Please contact us or use the discussion tabs on
individual pages. The OAD is hosted by the School of Library and Information
Science at Simmons College and supervised by an independent editorial board.
source: http://oad.simmons.edu/oadwiki/Main_Page
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