Friday, December 7, 2012

How to Write an Abstract: Some Useful Tips

“I've been doing a lot of abstract painting lately, extremely abstract. No brush, no paint, no canvas, I just think about it.” -- Stephen Wright (American Actor and Writer, b.1955)

A good abstract can help you advertise your research talent beyond the community of experts that share your interest.

At the end of this post is a before and after abstract writing exercise.  You might also want to check out a couple of the following sources for helpful abstract writing hints.

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University of North Carolina College of Arts & Sciences
How to write abstracts
Source: http://writingcenter.unc.edu/handouts/abstracts/
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Philip Koopman, Carnegie Mellon University
"Now that the use of on-line publication databases is prevalent, writing a really good abstract has become even more important than it was a decade ago. Abstracts have always served the function of "selling" your work. But now, instead of merely convincing the reader to keep reading the rest of the attached paper, an abstract must convince the reader" to purchase a copy of the article
"Writing an efficient abstract is hard work, but will repay you with increased impact on the world by enticing people to read your publications"
Source: http://www.ece.cmu.edu/~koopman/essays/abstract.html
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Emerald Insight
How to... write an abstract
Source: http://www.emeraldinsight.com/authors/guides/write/abstracts.htm?part=1#2
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ABSTRACT WRITING EXERCISE
Here is an interesting article I found on the Web.  The original abstract, reproduced below, is OK, but not great.

Microchim Acta (2012) 179:123–130
Synthesis of magnetic molecularly imprinted polymer particles for selective adsorption and separation of dibenzothiophene
H. Li :W. Xu (*) : X. Ma : B. Jiang : L. Liu :W. Huang
Department of Environment, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, People’s Republic of China
xwz09@ujs.edu.cn
N. Wang
Entry-exit inspection quarantine bureau, Zhenjiang 212000, People’s Republic of China
D. Niu :W. Yang : Z. Zhou
Department of Material science & engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, People’s Republic of China
Free Full Text Source: http://www.springerlink.com/content/m35318n3l0627774/

Original abstract:
We report on the synthesis of magnetic molecularly imprinted polymers (m-MIPs) for the selective adsorption and separation of dibenzothiophene (DBT) from oil solution. The m-MIPs were characterized by Fourier transform infrared analysis, transmission electron microscopy, surface area and porosity analysis, and vibrating sample magnetometry. Batch mode adsorption studies were carried out to investigate the adsorption kinetics, adsorption isotherms and selective recognition. The adsorption kinetics were modeled with the pseudofirst- order and pseudo-second-order kinetics, and the adsorption isotherms were fitted with Langmuir and Freundlich models. The m-MIPs can selectively recognize DBT over similar compounds. Static adsorption experiments showed that the m-MIPs display excellent recognition capacity, selective affinity for DBT, and superparamagnetism in presence of an external magnetic field.

I think I can do better.

New and, in my opinion, improved, abstract
Organic sulfur compounds in fuel oil cause air pollution and acid rain, resulting in serious diseases of human respiratory system.  In response, governments around the world have restricted the amount of acceptable sulfur content present in fuels to very low limits.  The conventional method of sulfur removal is hydrodesulfurization.  This process, however, is unable to remove refractory sulfur compounds such as dibenzothiophene (DBT) and its derivatives to the ultra low levels required by new environmental regulations.  Molecular imprinting provides a new choice for adsorption and separation of dibenzothiophene.  Molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs) possess the advantages of easy and cheap preparation, low cost, mechanical and chemical stability.  Recent attempts have been made to coat the thin MIP shells at the nanoparticle level, providing easy template removal, high adsorption capacity, low mass transportation resistance, and fast adsorption kinetics.  The mag-MIPs are prepared by encapsulating inorganic magnetic particles with organic polymer, combining the advantages of high recognition properties of MIP and the handling convenience of magnetic separation.  Magnetic separation can be performed directly in crude samples.  Consequently, prepared mag-MIPs are promising multifunctional candidates for the adsorption and separation process.  We have developed a relatively rapid and convenient method to adsorb and separate dibenzothiophene in oil solution.  Fe3O4 nanoparticles were employed as magnetic materials and synthesized by the coprecipitation method.  Silica particles with stable chemical properties, firm physical structure and high mechanical strength were selected as protective molecules to effectively stabilize the iron oxides.  Fe3O4 nanoparticles were embedded in the silica particles, and then coated with a thin MIPs film, which was obtained using dibenzothiophene as a template, 4- vinylpyridine as functional monomer, ethylene glycol dimethacrylate as a cross-linker, and azodiisobutyronitrile as the initiator. The resultant magnetic molecularly imprinted polymers were systematically characterized by Fourier transform infrared analysis, transmission electron microscopy, surface area and porosity analysis, and vibrating sample magnetometer.  In addition, adsorption properties such as equilibrium, kinetics, thermodynamics and selective recognition were demonstrated by batch mode adsorption experiments.
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The second version includes sufficient technical information to let an expert know whether or not he or she wants to read the whole article.  At the same time, it has enough non-technical information to inform both the interested layman and the researcher whose expertise lies elsewhere.

Suppose the technology described in the paper were to be featured on a program like National Public Radio’s Science Friday (www.npr.org) program, for example.  Which of the above abstracts do you think would be more helpful to the NPR staffer assigned to research the topic?

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