"Lie down and listen to the crabgrass grow, the faucet leak, and learn to leave them so" -- Marya Mannes (American Writer, 1904-1990)
A couple of decades ago I read somewhere, I wish I could remember where, of a vision promulgated by an information executive ... a vision of creating a world in which information flows much as water flows in a municipal water system. Just as we pay a modest monthly fee for access to clean drinking water, we would pay a reasonable fee for useful information.
Are we there yet? Some would say that Google-Yahoo!-Bing serve the function of an information spigot. If all you need is the latest news on Justin Bieber ... yup.
But if you are interested in the full text of peer reviewed technical articles that can provide the kind of high quality information you need to advance the goals of your organization ... nope.
Full text journal articles, in most cases, cost money. Turn the Google spigot wide open and you may get a drip or two, if you're lucky.
In order to provide the quality information their employees need, many organizations subscribe to online services like ScienceDirect (http://www.sciencedirect.com/). Problem solved, right? No, not quite. Although they overlap, each online service is unique in the content it provides.
None of the following items, for example, is available in ScienceDirect.
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Oxidative Desulfurization of Gasoline Oil Using K2FeO4 over SO42–/ZrO2 Solid SuperacidHua Song, Deng Wang, Yong Wei Zhang
Abstract
A catalyst comprising SO42–/ZrO2 superacid was prepared by impregnation and characterized by FT-IR, XRD, and BET. A novel procedure for oxidative desulfurization of simulated light fuel oil using K2FeO4 over the SO42–/ZrO2 solid superacid was developed. The effects of the oxidantion and extraction conditions on desulfurization were investigated. At temperature of 30 ?C, SZ of 0.2 g, K2FeO4 of 0.2 g, reaction time of 1 h, 20 mL of oil is oxidized, followed by methanol extraction at 15 ?C for 10 min with the volume ratio of solvent/oil of 1, the results display desulfurization rate for simulated light fuel oil and straight-run gasoline were 88.2% and 89.2%, respectively
source: http://www.scientific.net/AMR.183-185.2086
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The computer optimization control system for the catalytic cracking unit of gasoline qualityJing Chen;
Heilongjiang Univ., Harbin, China
Cross Strait Quad-Regional Radio Science and Wireless Technology Conference (CSQRWC), Harbin, 2011, Date: 26-30 July 2011, page(s): 1169 - 1171
Abstract
In the process of refining petroleum, the gasoline-final boiling point and the steam pressure 10% point, which are major indicators of gasoline quality, can not be real time measured online. Therefore, controlling gasoline quality has become a major difficulty in the field of industrial processing control. This paper introduces the designing thoughts and the realization method of computer optimization control for gasoline quality. By means of soft-meter [1] monitoring and optimizing techniques, along with setting up the dynamic mathematics model of gasoline-final boiling point online, the complicated technologies of computer monitoring and optimal controlling of gasoline quality for the catalytic cracking unit can be carried out.
source: http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/xpl/freeabs_all.jsp?arnumber=6037168
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Petroleum Science and Technology
Volume 29, Issue 22, 2011
A New Approach to Dearomatization of Gasoline by Ionic Liquid and Liquid–Liquid ExtractionN. Farzin Nejad (a, b) & E. Karimi Zand (a)
a Analytical Department, Research Institute of Petroleum Industry, Tehran, Iran
b Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran
Abstract
The objective of this article was the development of a separation technology for the selective recovery of the aromatic compounds such as benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylenes (BTEX) from gasoline by extraction. A liquid–liquid extraction method using ionic liquid (IL) was optimized simultaneously for some aromatic hydrocarbons in gasoline. 1-Butyl-3-methyl imidazolium tetrachloroaluminate ionic liquid or [BMIM][AlCl4] was used to extract aromatic compounds from gasoline. [BMIM][AlCl4] was found to be effective for the selective removal of aromatic hydrocarbons from gasoline. The dearomatization experiments were carried out with a 1:1 volume ratio of ionic liquid to gasoline for 60 min at 50°C. The aromatic hydrocarbons removal selectivity followed the order benzene > toluene > xylene > ethylbenzene.
source: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/10916461003716665
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10th International Conference on Engines & Vehicles, September 2011, Naples, ITALY, Session: SI Combustion Experiments, Paper Number: 2011-24-0057
Optical Investigation of the Effect on the Combustion Process of Butanol-Gasoline Blend in a PFI SI Boosted EngineSimona Silvia Merola - Istituto Motori CNR
Cinzia Tornatore - Istituto Motori CNR
Gerardo Valentino - Istituto Motori CNR
Luca Marchitto - Istituto Motori CNR
Felice Corcione - Istituto Motori CNR
Abstract
The addition of alcohol to conventional hydrocarbon fuels for a spark-ignition engine can increase the fuel octane rating and the power for a given engine displacement and compression ratio. In this work, the influence of butanol addition to gasoline was investigated. The experiments were performed in an optical ported fuel injection single cylinder SI engine with an external boosting device. The engine was equipped with the head of a commercial SI turbocharged engine having the same geometrical specifications (bore, stroke and compression ratio). The effect of a blend of 20% of n-butanol and 80% of gasoline (BU20) on in-cylinder combustion process was investigated by cycle resolved visualization. The engine worked at low speed, medium boosting and wide open throttle. Changes in spark timing and fuel injection phasing were considered. Comparisons between the flame luminosity and the combustion pressure data were performed. The fuel was injected both at closed intake valve (CV) and open intake valve (OV). The spark timing was changed to identify the maximum brake torque and the knocking limit. Butanol blend allowed working in more advanced spark timing without occurrence of abnormal combustion. For the blend BU20, the duration of injection (DOI) was increased to obtain a stoichiometric mixture. For both fuels, at stoichiometric conditions, DOI in OV was maintained shorter than that in CV, due to the lower amount of fuel deposited on intake port and on piston surface
source: http://papers.sae.org/2011-24-0057
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Catalysis in Industry, Volume 3, Number 2, 157-160
Improving catalysts for the refining of straight-run gasoline fractions of petroleumE. V. Urzhumova, L. M. Velichkina, A. V. Vosmerikov and A. E. Ermakov
Abstract
We propose a method for modifying catalysts based on a high-silica zeolite of the ZSM-5 type using Ni nanopowder to improve catalysts for the refining of straight-run gasoline fractions. The proposed method, which involves solid-phase mechanical mixing with Ni nanopowder, is more environmentally friendly than conventional methods of impregnation and ion exchange; the developed Ni-containing zeolite catalysts allow us to lower the temperature for the refining of low-octane gasoline fractions by 20–40°C and to increase the yield of target products containing high amounts of high-octane components, i.e., isoalkanes. The acidic and catalytic properties of high-silica zeolites containing different amounts of Ni nanopowder were studied. The activity of the catalyst systems in the conversion of straight-run gasoline fractions of petroleum was analyzed. The optimum catalyst composition and the process conditions for obtaining a maximum yield of the target product, i.e., high-octane gasoline, are determined.
source: http://www.springerlink.com/content/g89w08gq3m07w629/
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Energy Fuels, 2011, 25 (9), pp 3940–3949
Catalytic Mechanism of MCM-41 Supported Phosphoric Acid Catalyst for FCC Gasoline Desulfurization by Alkylation: Experimental and Theoretical InvestigationRong Wang†, Yonghong Li*†‡, Benshuai Guo†, and Hongwei Sun§
yhli@tju.edu.cn
Key Laboratory for Green Chemical Technology of State Education Ministry, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, P. R. China
National Engineering Research Center for Distillation Technology, Tianjin 300072, P. R. China
Department of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, P. R. China
Abstract
The desulfurization of fluid catalytic cracking (FCC) gasoline by alkylation over solid acid catalysts is considered to be a viable and less costly path to meet environmental regulations of sulfur emissions. However, side reactions in the process lead to significant levels of coke, which will greatly reduce the lifetime of the catalyst. In this paper, the catalytic mechanism of MCM-41 supported phosphoric acid catalyst for gasoline desulfurization by alkylation has been investigated by using experimental methods and quantum chemical calculations to study the catalytic behavior for the adsorption and reaction of different reactants, which can help optimize the reaction conditions and preparation methods of the catalyst for a more efficient alkylation process. The results showed that both the typical main and side reactions in the alkylation process started from a stable alkoxide intermediate that was formed by protonation of olefin adsorbed on the catalyst. Thiophenic compounds were more inclined to be adsorbed on the alkoxide intermediate than olefins for further reaction, and the activation energy for the alkylation of thiophenic sulfurs with alkenes was obviously lower than that for alkene oligomerization. Moreover, the thiophene alkylation was exothermic while the olefin oligomerization was endothermic. On the basis of these findings obtained by experimental and theoretical investigation, two methods that might be useful to further inhibit the occurrence of side reactions and improve the catalyst performance in the alkylation process were proposed.
source: http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/ef200705b?mi=v8k6so&af=R&pageSize=20&searchText=Gasoline+desulfurization
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45th International Petroleum Conference, June 13, 2011, Bratislava, Slovak Republic
Comparison of conventional gas chromatography and comprehensive twodimensional gas chromatography for the detailed analysis of aromatic hydrocarbons in gasoline samplesRoman Gorovenko, Jan Krupcik, Ivan Spanik
Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical and Food Technology,
STU, Radlinského 9, 812 37 Bratislava,
Slovakia
e-mail: romagorovenko@gmail.com
The precise and accurate determination of aromatic hydrocarbons such as benzene, toluene, ethyl benzene and xylenes (BTEX) as well as the level of total aromatic compounds in gasolines is important for control of refining processes and for government regulatory compliance. Capillary gas chromatography is a separation technique which is used in analytical praxis to separate hydrocarbons in gasoline samples. Flow modulated comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography equipped bothwith flame ionization detector (GC×GC–FID) as well as with quadrupole mass spectrometric detector (GCxGC-QMSD) were used for quantification of C6 through C12 aromatic hydrocarbons. A 25 m capillary with 0.25 mm i.d. and 0.25 µm film thickness of non-polar stationary phase (first dimension) was coupled via flow modulator to 5 m capillary with 0.25 mm i.d. and 0.25 µm of polar ionic liquid capillary column (second dimension). Normalized percents were used to express quantitative data for all individual aromatic hydrocarbons. For total aromatic compounds good agreement with the more complex conventional multidimensional GC technique was obtained. The identification of the aromatic hydrocarbons was confirmed by GC×GC–MS.
source: http://www.vurup.sk/sites/default/files/downloads/45_gorovenko_symposium.pdf
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THESIS
Simulation of Combustion and Mixture Formation for Gasoline Direct Injection Engine ApplicationChen Huang (2011)
Department of Applied Mechanics, Combustion, Chalmers University of Technology
Abstract
The development and introduction of new engine technologies are primarily motivated by the need to comply with increasingly stringent emissions legislation and to reduce fuel consumption. One of the most important of these new engine technologies is direct gasoline injection, which is considered to be an important and cost-effective measure to meet both targets. Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) simulations and optical methods are important tools in the development of direct injection gasoline engines. The aim of the work described in this thesis was to develop models, methods, and a numerical platform for simulating the behavior of Direct Injection Spark Ignition (DISI) engines using a variety of fuels, including gasoline-ethanol blends. One of the most important goals of this work was to devise improvements to OpenFOAM (a free, open source CFD package) that would increase its utility as a tool for studying SIDI engines, as there is strong industrial demand for inexpensive software. The work described in this thesis addressed two important problems relevant to modeling combustion in a DISI engine. First, to facilitate the simulation of turbulent burning and pollutant formation, a chemical mechanism for the combustion of gasoline-ethanol blends was refined and thoroughly validated under various conditions (equivalence ratios F, initial temperatures Tu, and pressures p). The gasoline surrogate used in this project was composed of iso-octane, toluene, and n-heptane in volumetric ratios of 55%:35%:10%, respectively. The hydrogen to carbon ratio (the H/C ratio) of this blend is similar to that of gasoline, which is around 1.87, as is its equivalence ratio; this is particularly important when studying DISI engines. The integrated mechanism for gasoline-ethanol blends features 120 species participating in 677 reactions and is suitable for use in CFD engine modeling. The mechanism was tested against experimental data on ignition delay times and laminar flame speeds, obtained for various n-heptane/iso-octane/toluene/ethanol-air mixtures under various equivalence ratios, initial temperatures, and pressures. Second, the gasoline and ethanol hollow cone sprays released by an outward-opening pintle-type piezo-controlled injector commonly associated with GDI engines were studied numerically, since accurate simulation of fuel-air mixing and the flow field is critical for subsequent combustion modeling. A pintle injector model was implemented into OpenFOAM in order to simulate the spray discharged by an outward-opening piezo injector. The flow field calculated using the pintle injector model is more realistic than that predicted by the default unit injector model normally used in OpenFOAM. A number of modifications were made to the standard spray submodels in OpenFOAM, including the LISA, TAB and Reitz-KHRT breakup models and the O'Rourke and Trajectory collision models. For instance, three different modified Reitz-KHRT models were implemented into OpenFOAM; these modifications were found to have noticeable effects on the accuracy of the simulated liquid penetration and SMD. Extensive sensitivity studies were carried out on the hollow cone sprays, focusing on the effects of varying the initial and boundary conditions, spray model constants, and other parameters. Validation studies showed that several combinations of spray submodels yield acceptable results in liquid penetration and SMD, including the combination of the Rosin-Rammler + Reitz-Diwakar models and that of the uniform droplet size + Reitz-KHRT models; the latter combination offered the best performance under the studied conditions.
source: http://publications.lib.chalmers.se/cpl/record/index.xsql?pubid=137351
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The eight items above come from eight different online sources.
Scientific.net (http://www.scientific.net/)
IEEE (ieeexplore.ieee.org)
TandF Online (http://www.tandfonline.com/)
SAE (papers.sae.org)
Springerlink (http://www.springerlink.com/)
ACS (pubs.acs.org)
Vurup (http://www.vurup.sk/)
Chalmers (publications.lib.chalmers.se)
Subscribing to one or two or three of them may well provide most of the full text that your people need. But there will always be a need to purchase items ad hoc, i.e., outside of a subscribed online service. The easiest way to address ad hoc purchases is to give each employee a credit card. You may not want to do this, because of cost control and accountability issues. So you may need to designate one or more gatekeepers to make ad hoc purchases on behalf of your people.
Here are today’s tips …
Compare online database content to see which services best serve your organization’s needs
Design an ad hoc purchase policy that will control costs without unduly hampering access to full text
A final tip … let your people know about the Desulfurization Blog (http://www.desulf.blogspot.com/). Encourage them to follow it. The Blog provides tips that will help them improve their online search effectiveness no matter what technology they are researching.
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